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Samenvatting - Statistiek (2023741ANR)
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Schakeljaar Bedrijfskunde - Prof. Ellen Van Droogenbroeck
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Module 1: inleiding tot statistiek ................................................................................................................... 51 Kwalitatief vs Kwantitatief .................................................................................................................... 5
2 Het onderzoeksproces ............................................................................................................................ 5
2.1 Genereer een onderzoeksprobleem ..............................................................................................................5
2.2 Raadpleeg een theorie ....................................................................................................................................... 6
2.3 GEnereer een hypothese ................................................................................................................................... 6
2.4 Verzamel data om de hypothese te testen ................................................................................................... 6
2.4.1 Dataset .................................................................................................................................................................... 6
2.4.2 Hoe worden gegevens verzameld? ................................................................................................................ 7
2.4.3 Meet variabelen.................................................................................................................................................... 7
2.4.3.1 Meetniveau .................................................................................................................................................................................. 8
2.4.4 Performance expectancy ................................................................................................................................ 10
2.4.4.1 Toepassing ................................................................................................................................................................................. 10
2.4.5 Voorspellende/uitkomstvariabele ................................................................................................................ 11
2.4.6 Steekproef ........................................................................................................................................................... 12
Analyseer de data .......................................................................................................................................................................... 12
2.5 Veralgemeen de resulaten ............................................................................................................................. 13
Module 2: Beschrijvende statistiek en grafieken .................................................................................. 14
0 Beschrijvende statistiek....................................................................................................................... 14
1 Verdeling (distribution)......................................................................................................................... 14
1.1 Frequentieverdeling (dataset organiseren en beschrijven) ................................................................ 14
1.2 soorten frequenties........................................................................................................................................... 15
1.2.1 relatieve frequentie .......................................................................................................................................... 15
1.2.2 Cummulatieve frequentie ............................................................................................................................... 15
1.2.3 Cummulatief percentage ................................................................................................................................ 16
1.3 Klasse/interval ................................................................................................................................................... 17
1.4 Kwantitatieve variabelen ................................................................................................................................ 17
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,1.5 Kwalitatieve variabelen................................................................................................................................... 18
1.5.1 Scatterplot* ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
1.6 De normaalverdeling(en) ................................................................................................................................ 19
1.6.1 Skewness (scheefheid) .................................................................................................................................... 19
1.6.2 Kurtosis (platheid) ............................................................................................................................................. 19
2 Centrummaten........................................................................................................................................ 20
2.1 Modus ................................................................................................................................................................... 20
2.2 Mediaan ............................................................................................................................................................... 20
2.3 GEmiddelde.......................................................................................................................................................... 21
2.4 Soort data ............................................................................................................................................................ 22
2.5 Extreme scores (outliers) .............................................................................................................................. 22
3 Spreidingsmaten ................................................................................................................................... 23
3.1 De spreidingsbreedte ...................................................................................................................................... 23
3.2 De interkwartielafstand ................................................................................................................................. 23
3.3 De variantie ........................................................................................................................................................ 25
3.4 De standaardafwijking .................................................................................................................................... 26
3.5 Soort data ............................................................................................................................................................ 26
3.6 Boxplot ................................................................................................................................................................. 27
Module 3: de grondbeginselen van inferentiële statistiek: hypothesetoetsing ..........................28
1 inferentiële statistiek ........................................................................................................................... 28
2 Hypothesetoetsing .................................................................................................................................29
2.1 Stel de nulhypothese en de alternatieve hypothese op ........................................................................ 29
2.1.1 H1 heeft 2 vormen van ongelijkheid ............................................................................................................. 30
2.1.1.1 Niet-directioneel .................................................................................................................................................................... 30
2.1.1.2 Directioneel .............................................................................................................................................................................. 30
2.2 Bepaal een significantiniveau/drempelwaarde ...................................................................................... 30
2.2.1 Verschillende types fouten ............................................................................................................................. 31
2.2.2 Statistisch significant ....................................................................................................................................... 31
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,2.3 Trek een steekproef en kies de correcte statistische toets ................................................................. 32
2.4 Voer de statistische test uit en bepaal de p-waarde .............................................................................. 32
2.5 Interpreteer de resultaten en trek een conclusie ................................................................................... 32
Module 4: Verschil- en variantieanalyse: t-testen en one-way aNOVA ........................................33
3 One-Sample t-test ................................................................................................................................ 34
3.1 SPSS ..................................................................................................................................................................... 35
3.2 Betrouwbaarheidsinterval*........................................................................................................................... 35
4 Two-samples t-test ...............................................................................................................................36
4.1 Paired Samples t-test ..................................................................................................................................... 36
4.2 Independent Samples t-test.......................................................................................................................... 36
4.2.1 Levene’s test ...................................................................................................................................................... 37
5 One-way ANOVA ..................................................................................................................................... 38
5.1 POST-HOC TEST ................................................................................................................................................. 39
6 Samenvatting .......................................................................................................................................... 40
Module 5: correlatie ....................................................................................................................................... 41
1 Correlatie.................................................................................................................................................. 42
2 Pearson ..................................................................................................................................................... 42
2.1 richting van Pearson r ..................................................................................................................................... 43
2.2 Sterkte van Pearson r...................................................................................................................................... 43
2.3 determinatiecoëfficiënt .................................................................................................................................. 44
2.4 de variantie ......................................................................................................................................................... 44
2.5 Correlatie causaliteit .................................................................................................................................... 45
Module 6: Niet-parametrische toetsen ....................................................................................................46
1 soorten verdelingen (inleiding) ........................................................................................................ 46
1.1 Uniforme verdeling & Poisson verdeling ................................................................................................... 46
1.2 De Normaalverdeling ...................................................................................................................................... 47
1.2.1 verdeling ............................................................................................................................................................. 47
3
, 2 Parametrische toetsen non-parametrische toetsen ......................................................... 48
2.1 Chikwadraat-toets ........................................................................................................................................... 50
2.2 MAnn Withney U test ......................................................................................................................................... 51
2.2.1 Verschillende methodes om assumpties van normalitair te controleren ....................................... 52
2.3 Wilcoxon signed rank test .............................................................................................................................. 54
2.4 Kruskal – Wallis test ........................................................................................................................................ 55
2.5 Niet-parametrische correlatie ..................................................................................................................... 55
2.5.1 Chikwadraattoets voor kruistabellen ........................................................................................................ 56
Module 7: lineaire regressie ........................................................................................................................57
1 Inleiding ..................................................................................................................................................... 57
2 Regressie .................................................................................................................................................. 58
2.1 Lineaire regressie ............................................................................................................................................ 59
2.2 regressielijn ....................................................................................................................................................... 59
2.2.1 Kleinste kwadratenmethode ......................................................................................................................... 60
2.3 De regressievergelijking ................................................................................................................................ 60
3 Assumpties................................................................................................................................................62
Module 8: Logistische regressie ................................................................................................................ 66
1 Wat ...............................................................................................................................................................66
2 Binaire logistische regressie ..............................................................................................................67
2.1 Regressievergelijking bij binaire logistische regressie ........................................................................67
2.2 Het logistisch regressiemodel .......................................................................................................................67
2.2.1 Methode van de grootste aannemelijkheid ............................................................................................... 68
3 Odds ratio .................................................................................................................................................. 68
3.1 toepassing............................................................................................................................................................69
4 Assumpties............................................................................................................................................... 70
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