Summary of Analytical Thinking & Critical Reasoning - PHI
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Course
(PHI71589)
Institution
Frankfurt School Of Finance & Management
A summary of essential topics covers the basic rules of sound reasoning in the form of logic and argumentation theory. It has key concepts and is perfect for preparing for the exam!
Argument
pertainty ve truth of premises quarantees truth of conclusion i
to be
It's IMPOSSIBLE for conclusion
false if the premises are true !
"probability"
Inductive premises supports conclusion (but doesn't guarantee truth) * If premises are all true ,
conclusion is LIKELY to be true too !
·
Degree of Strength
-Defeater info that weakens the
Sentence Moods
:
argument
Indicative ( )
.
Presents FACTS
·
Jen's parents
.
ex . are from Tw
Most TW kids speaks TWness
·
Imperative forms COMMAND/REQUEST
Jen was born & raised Argentina
Jen speaks TWness &
Interrogative I ? ) ask QUESTION
. in
·
Validity IF all premises are true
,
then conclusion MUST also be true !
soundness valid + all premises are true
·
Types of Argument & 's
-Statistical Argument : % Is the claim
strong ?
-
Inductive Generalization "If :
most cases are similar, you can imply the next too .
"
How similar are they ?
Analogical Argument
"
-
: "Ania & I are twins ,
if Ania likes chocolate I prob , , also like chocolate .
How extensive is it ?
-
Inference to Best Explanation :
Think of Dr: "lost smell , high fever ...
prob Covid
.
.
"
Does
hypothesis explain it well ?
Reconstructing
Sub-conclusions
Implicit Premises Premises that's not stated, but it's necessary to make argument valid
Social Dimensions
Rhetoric Persuading who reasoning (non-rationall
ex .
repetition of strong statements
· Ad Hominem :
Trying to attack the person rather than argument (evidence)
·
Ad Populum : [Directed] to the people ex .
"
Most ppl are
going to the party , we should
go too !
"
·
Ad Baculum :
Appeal to Force
-
·
Ad Misericordiam Appeal to Pity :
·
Ad Consequentiam Appeal to Consequences :
·
Emotional Language : Rhetorical use of language (involves
slogneering & cliche)
"Opinion"
well w/ others
"Bring tgt"
Dialectic Arguing // Discourse Polarisation Intellectual
, , Humility Integrity Get to truth
, ,
·
Constructive Discussion (not to win)
Aim get closer to truth
to
-
Claimant VS Respondent continues
Understand why ppl disagree till BEDROCK (Fundamental)
.
-
-
Trys to MEET Offers OBJECTION
Disagreement
-
D
// Not compromisea
·
4 Golden Rules respondent's OBJECTIONS -
Request CLARIFICATION
a
-
Respond to the ARGUMENT (give reasons (
-
Track the BURDEN of PROOF (It's not respondent's job to disprove other's argument it's ,
their job to prove it .
)
-
Demand OVERALL CONSISTENCY I can't just swich side/give exceptions (
Be CHARITABLE /Taking the strongest version of someone's argument)//Opposite to Strawman's
Fallacy
-
Informal Fallacies "thinking mistake"
Strawman Fallacy : Present counter
argument in a weaker way
11 Rhetorical Fallacies
·
BEGGING THE D'S ·
DEMANDING UNREASONABLE JUSTIFICATION
[when premises rely on conclusion] [ Like being a kid to ask "BUT WHY"]
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