Samenvatting - Approaches to Space and Environment + literatuur
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Course
(MANBCU2028)
Institution
Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen (RU)
Complete summary of all 9 lectures in the Approaches to Space and Environment course, followed by a summary of the articles by Sorkin (2006), Soya (1996), Hayden (1980), Sandercock (1998), Friedmann (1987), Van der Grift (2013) and Kropotkin (1975). The summary is almost entirely in English, but so...
Thomas More’s Utopia (1516)
Greek: ou-topos (no place), or eu-topos (good place)
“Planning as Social Mobilization” (Friedmann, 1987)
- Encompassing three major oppositional movements of the 19th century
- France & England
- Perspective of victims of industrialization and critique of industrialism
Social Utopianism
- Possibilities of a secular life in small communities apart from State
- Money-free economy based on exchange of Labour (L) time
- Influence of social & physical environment on human character
- Importance for human development of balance between industrial and agricultural
pursuits (fields & factories)
- Free reign given to passionate nature of human beings as 1st break with rational
Benthamite tradition
- Role of play in education and learning
Charles Fourier (1772-1837)
- Besancon, France
- Poverty as the principle cause of disorder
- ‘Concern and ‘cooperation’ as the secrets of social success
- Distribution of the social product according to need
- Assignment of function according to individual faculties and inclinations, irrespective
of gender
- Constant mutations of functions
- Shorter work periods
- Central idea: labor pleasure
- Universele aantrekkingskracht: ‘Attraction passsionnée’ -> (1) luxury & pleasure of
the five senses, (2) formation of libidinal groups (friendship & love), (3) establishment
of a harmonious order with groups that work in accordance with individual passions
Fourierist Phalanstere
- New social world
- 12 passions -> 810 types of character (1620 people per phalanx)
- Wealthy on top floor; low-income on ground floor
- Children’s education: focus on interchanging occupation, creativity, etc.
- Ambition: 6 million phalansteres, ruled by a World Congress of Phalanxes
- Influence on 1848 Revolution and Paris Commune 1871
- Rise of ‘intential communities’ in the US
,Henri Nicolaas ter Veen (1883-1949)
- Social Utopian
- Haarlemmermeer als kolonisatiegebied (1918/1925)
o Lax state control, power of absentee landownership
o Social Darwinism: tenant farmers, hired hands, society’s misfits
o Dutch version of the ‘American frontier’ (wild west)
o Ter Veen: ‘Once, but never again’ -> de staat bemoeide zich te weinig
- Wieringermeer Polder Reclamation
Anarchism
- Dissolution of ‘government’
- Contract between free individuals
- Revival of communal tradition
- Arbeidersverenigingen: wederzijdse uitwisseling van goederen en diensten (behoefte
ipv werk)
- Self-sufficient economic development (regional scale)
- Classless society
- Education integrale: manual & intellectual labor (‘fields, factories and workshops’)
- ‘Attractive work’
- Struggle and conflict not only inevitable, but desirable
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865
- Besancon, France
- Master in art of printing
- Society as part of natural/universal order -> individual freedom rooted in natural
processes
- Property = the sum of its abuses
- Possession = the right of man to effective control over his dwelling, land, tools as
condition of ‘liberty’
- Anarchy as a form of government
Pyotr Alexeyevich Kropotkin (1842-1921)
- Moskow
- From ‘thought’ to ‘Action’
- Believed in revolution against inequality as ‘natural’ process leading to ‘social
equality’
- Fieldwork in Sibera: he discovered the horrible living conditions of prisoners there
- Mutual Aid: manifesto that argues that what makes humans thrive is not
competition, but solidarity and communal work
Anarchist Regionalism
- Kropotkin
- Region with communities
- No rulers
- Production of everything that is necessary and useful
- Social life resumed with the greatest energy
, Elisee Reclus (1830-1905)
- Sainte-Foy-la-Grande, France
- Supporter of Paris Commune
- 1872: banished from France for political activities
- ‘La Nouvelle Géographie universelle, la terre et les hommes’: book which laid the
foundations of bioregionalism & anti-imperialism
Science (according to Anarchists)
- Scientists should be like workers
Nijmeegse Stadsnomaden: real-life social-utopian and anarchist community
Sphinx in the City
Leonie Sandercock: The power of (planning) history
- Nations keep their shape by molding their citizens’ understanding of the past
-> Make them forget what was wrong and remember what was right
Planning history -> creating moral & social power to prevent disorder in the city
Past England: typische stedeling was een dronkaard die ruzie zoekt en geld vergokt
-> fear of the city
Sandercock: problems with modernist planning -> planning happens from above (like
superman)
New York: the horror of the slums (1889) -> Jacob Riis (photographer)
- 19th century industrialization & urbanization -> mass migration to cities
- Poverty -> widespread use of low paid, casual work and home-work
- Inability to move
- Incompetent & corrupt local government
Spaces of fear
- Fear of dirt and unhygienic living conditions
- Fear of disease
- Fear of disorder
- Fear of (unaccompanied) women in public space
- Fear of colonial subjects in public space (Suriname, etc.)
- Fear of gays in public space
- Fear of the dangerous classes (unemployed, socialist, etc.)
- Fear of insurrection & revolution
Emil Zola – book ‘Nana’ (1880)
- Nana is a prostitute who occupied the public space
- “Sphinx in the city”
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