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PSY 101 Straighterline Exam #1 2023
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PSY 101 Straighterline Exam #1 2023
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PSY 101 Straighterline Exam #1 2023psychology - ANSWER-the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Goals of Psychological Science - ANSWER-describe, predict, and explain behavior
behavior - ANSWER-everything we do that can be directly observed
mental process - ANSWER-The thoughts, feelings, and motives that each of us experiences privately but that cannot be observed directly
Attitudes of scientific approach - ANSWER-critical thinking, curiosity, skepticism, and objectivity
critical thinking - ANSWER-thinking deeply and actively, asking questions, and evaluating the evidence
empirical method - ANSWER-gaining knowledge through the observation of events, the collection of data, and logical reasoning
philosophy - ANSWER-the rational investigation of the truths and principles of being, knowledge, or conduct.
William Wundt - ANSWER-founded first psych lab in 1879 @ University of Leizpzig in Germany
Structuralism - ANSWER-focused on the structure or basic elements of the mind; William Wundt
Functionalism - ANSWER-probing the functions & purposes of the mind & behavior in the individual's adaptation to the environment; william James
natural selection - ANSWER-A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment.
biological approach - ANSWER-focus on the body, especially the brain and nervous system
neuroscience - ANSWER-The scientific study of the structure, function, development, genetics, and biochemistry of the nervous system, emphasizing that the brain and nervous system are central to understanding behavior, thought, and emotion.
behavioral approach - ANSWER-scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants; Ivan Pavlov psychodynamic approach - ANSWER-emphasizes unconscious thought, the conflict between biological drives and society's demands, and early childhood family experiences
humanistic approach - ANSWER-emphasizes a person's positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose one's destiny; Carl Marx & Abraham Maslow
Altruism - ANSWER-unselfish concern for the welfare of others
cognitive approach - ANSWER-emphasizes the mental processes involved in knowing: how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems; opposite of
behavioral; Jean Piaget
Evolutionary Approach - ANSWER-An approach to psychology centered on evolutionary
ideas such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining
specific human behaviors.
Sociocultural Approach - ANSWER-examines the influences of social and cultural environments on behavior
Scientific Method - ANSWER-Observation, Hypothesis, Experiment, Data Collection, Conclusion, and Retest (if needed)
falsifiable - ANSWER-generate ideas about research that would prove the theory wrong
operational definition - ANSWER-provides an objective description of how a variable is going to be measured and observed in a particular study
self-determination theory - ANSWER-people are motivated to satisfy needs for competence, relatedness to others, and autonomy
correlational research - ANSWER-tells us about the relationships between variables, and its purpose is to examine whether and how two variables change together
third variable problem - ANSWER-AKA confounds; circumstance where a variable that has not been measured accounts for the relationship b/w 2 other variables
experience sampling method - ANSWER-study people in their natural settings
longitudinal design - ANSWER-a special kind of systematic observation, used by correlational researchers, that involves obtaining measures of the variables of interest in
multiple waves over time
random assignment - ANSWER-researchers assign participants to groups by chance independent variable - ANSWER-manipulated variable
confederate - ANSWER-a person who is given a role to play in a study so that the social
context can be manipulated
dependent variable - ANSWER-The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable
within-participant design - ANSWER-participants serve as their own control group
quasi-experimental design - ANSWER-An experiment that does not require random assignment to conditions; it is either unethical or impossible
between participants design - ANSWER-An experiment in which different participants are assigned to each group
validity - ANSWER-the soundness of the conclusions that a researcher draws from an experiment
external validity - ANSWER-extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings
internal validity - ANSWER-the degree to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable
demand characterisitcs - ANSWER-those aspects of an observational setting that cause
people to behave as they think someone else wants or expects
experimenter bias - ANSWER-the influence of the experimenter's expectations on the outcome of research
research participant bias - ANSWER-Occurs when the behavior of research participants
during the experiment is influenced by how they think they are supposed to behave or their expectations about what is happening to them
placebo effect - ANSWER-when participants' expectations lead them to experience some change even though they receive empty, fake, or ineffectual treatment
double-blind experiment - ANSWER-an experiment in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know which participants received which treatment
population - ANSWER-the entire group about which the investigator wants to draw conclusions
sample - ANSWER-a subset of the population
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