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Samenvatting Een inleiding in de psychologie in 10 3/4 hoofdstukken - Psychologie (D0T02A)
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Samenvatting En inleiding in de psychologie 1e jaar TEW prof: Gert Storms 15/20
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InhoudExamen...................................................................................................................................................7
Hoofdstuk 1: A beginning.......................................................................................................................8
Wetenschappelijke psychologie.....................................................................................................9
Het Freud probleem.......................................................................................................................9
3 belangrijke kenmerken psychologie..........................................................................................10
Theorie- hypothese- wetenschappelijke wet................................................................................10
Vijfstapsproces van de wetenschappelijke methode........................................................................10
Types van psychologische onderzoeksmethoden (stijging in complexiteit)..................................11
Exemplarisch.................................................................................................................................14
Correlationele studie....................................................................................................................15
Experimentele studie....................................................................................................................16
Ethische kwesties in onderzoek met mensen en dieren...............................................................18
Om te onthouden.........................................................................................................................19
Voorbeeldvragen:.........................................................................................................................19
Hoofdstuk x: Hoofdstuk over waarneming...........................................................................................21
Sensatie en Perceptie...................................................................................................................21
De zintuigen..................................................................................................................................21
Drempelwaarden..............................................................................................................................21
1. Absolute drempelwaarden.......................................................................................................21
2. Differentiële drempelwaarden.................................................................................................22
3. Subliminale beïnvloeding..........................................................................................................22
Wat is de relatie tussen perceptie en sensatie?...............................................................................23
Bottom-up en top-down verwerking............................................................................................24
Perceptuele Ambiguïteit en Distorsie...........................................................................................24
Perceptuele/grootte constanties..................................................................................................24
Informatie integratie in tijd en ruimte..........................................................................................24
Dieptezicht....................................................................................................................................24
Theoretische verklaringen voor perceptie....................................................................................25
Persoonlijkheidsfactoren in perceptie: cognitieve stijl.................................................................25
voorbeeldvragen...........................................................................................................................25
Hoofdstuk 2: Teach your children.........................................................................................................27
Inleidende verhalen......................................................................................................................27
Twee vormen van leren................................................................................................................27
Klassieke conditionering/pavloviaanse conditionering (herhaling)..................................................28
, Verwerving, uitdoving en spontaan herstel..................................................................................29
Is het verband tussen VP en OP willekeurig?................................................................................30
Werkt reclame?............................................................................................................................31
Operante conditionering (vanaf eind WO 1).................................................................................31
Intermittente bekrachtiging..........................................................................................................32
Combinatie klassieke conditionering en operante conditionering...............................................33
APOPO..........................................................................................................................................34
Straf..............................................................................................................................................35
Bijgeloofexperimenten.................................................................................................................35
Operante conditionering en de behavioristische visie op gedrag: zelfherkenning bij dieren:......36
Andere vormen van leren.............................................................................................................37
Invloed Skinner en behaviorisme..................................................................................................37
Om te onthouden.........................................................................................................................38
Voorbeeldvragen:.........................................................................................................................38
Hoofdstuk 3: De wortel en de stok.......................................................................................................39
Falende beloningen..........................................................................................................................39
Biologische beperkingen...............................................................................................................39
Motivatie als drijvende kracht..........................................................................................................41
Punished by rewards … op school.................................................................................................42
Punished by rewards op het werk................................................................................................42
Culturele verschillen.....................................................................................................................43
Om te onthouden.........................................................................................................................43
Hoofdstuk 4: herinneringen..................................................................................................................45
3 stadia voor betrouwbare herinnering............................................................................................46
Geheugen van ooggetuigen:.........................................................................................................46
Metakennis...................................................................................................................................51
Autobiografisch geheugen................................................................................................................52
Inplanten van herinneringen........................................................................................................52
Om te onthouden.........................................................................................................................53
Voorbeeldvragen..........................................................................................................................54
Hoofdstuk 5: Is daar iemand?...............................................................................................................55
Is sociale belemmering een algemeen geldend fenomeen?.........................................................56
Sociale facilitatie...........................................................................................................................57
Hypothese Zajonc:........................................................................................................................59
Is loutere aanwezigheid genoeg of moet het een toekijkend publiek zijn?..................................59
Experimenten met proefpersonen i.p.v. proefdieren.......................................................................60
, Sociale activatie op de werkvloer.................................................................................................61
Sociaal parasiteren.......................................................................................................................62
Om te onthouden.........................................................................................................................63
Hoofdstuk 6: Wat doen anderen? Nog bekijken in boek......................................................................64
Mode, schoenen en zere voeten..................................................................................................64
Ongewenst informationeel conformisme: psychogene groepsziekten.........................................66
De invloed van het aantal.............................................................................................................68
Ongewenste effecten van normatieve sociale invloed.................................................................69
Gewenste effecten van normatieve sociale invloed.....................................................................70
Innovatie of minderheidsbeïnvloeding.........................................................................................70
Theorie Moscovici.........................................................................................................................72
Gehoorzaamheid aan een autoriteit.............................................................................................73
Probleem van een omstaander.....................................................................................................75
Om te onthouden.........................................................................................................................77
Hoofdstuk 7: Waarom doet die dat?....................................................................................................79
Attributietheorie...........................................................................................................................79
Normatieve attributietheorie/covariatiemodel van Kelly.................................................................80
1. Gebrek aan consensus..............................................................................................................80
2. Opvallendheid...........................................................................................................................81
3. Fundamentele attributiefout/correspondence bias..................................................................82
4. Culturele verschillen in attributie..............................................................................................83
Kan perspectief omgekeerd worden?...........................................................................................84
Psychotherapie.............................................................................................................................85
Succes en mislukking....................................................................................................................86
Crisiscommunicatie van organisaties:...........................................................................................86
Blame the booze...........................................................................................................................86
Is dronkenschap een verzachtende/ verzwarende omstandigheid?.............................................86
Om te onthouden.........................................................................................................................87
Hoofdstuk 8: Beslissen..........................................................................................................................88
Bernoulli: de paradox van Sint Petersburg...................................................................................88
Expected utility theory..................................................................................................................89
Aanpassingen expected utility theory:..........................................................................................90
Afwijkingen van de assumpties van de Expected utility theorie/axioma......................................90
1. Schending van schrappingsprincipe..........................................................................................90
2. Schending van transitiviteit......................................................................................................91
3. Schending van het invariantieprincipe......................................................................................93
, Expected utility theory:.................................................................................................................93
Prospect theory............................................................................................................................94
Waardefunctie..............................................................................................................................94
Manipuleren van het referentiepunt............................................................................................95
Beslissingsgewichten....................................................................................................................96
Zekerheidseffect...........................................................................................................................97
Pseudocertaincy effect.................................................................................................................98
Om te onthouden.........................................................................................................................98
Hoofdstuk 9: kiezen en oordelen........................................................................................................100
Heuristieken en denkfouten...........................................................................................................100
Representativiteitsheuristiek......................................................................................................100
Voorspellen van onzekere gebeurtenissen:................................................................................103
Availabilityheuristiek..................................................................................................................107
Schatten van kansen...................................................................................................................108
Wason taak.................................................................................................................................110
Verankering en aanpassing.........................................................................................................111
Thinking fast en slow..................................................................................................................113
Om te onthouden.......................................................................................................................115
Voorbeeldvragen:.......................................................................................................................116
Hoofdstuk 10: (on)eerlijkheid.............................................................................................................117
Van Rossem, Madoff … en u en ik...............................................................................................117
Hoe verschillende zijn deze mensen echter van mensen zoals u en ik?.....................................117
Eerlijkheid van professoren en assistenten................................................................................118
Rationele oneerlijkheid (SMORC)...............................................................................................118
Experimenten.............................................................................................................................119
Schipperen tussen eerlijk en oneerlijk............................................................................................120
Van bedrog naar zelfbedrog.......................................................................................................121
Ik oneerlijk? Dat kan ik me niet herinneren................................................................................121
Op woord van eer.......................................................................................................................122
Vlucht het stelen en bedriegen, ook de achterklep en ’t liegen …..............................................122
… want God ziet u!......................................................................................................................123
Het had ook anders kunnen zijn…...............................................................................................124
Te moe om eerlijk te zijn............................................................................................................124
Te gehaast om eerlijk te zijn.......................................................................................................125
Zeg me hoe betrouwbaar je bent...............................................................................................127
Liegen voor het goede doel ….....................................................................................................128
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