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Summary - Humboldt Aardrijkskunde hoofdstuk 2
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Humboldt Geography summary chapter 2; Culture and space, in English.
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§2.1; Cultural areasCulture is the opinions and habits of people. Non-material cultural elements are the way in which
people live and what they think it’s important in life. Material cultural elements are the actual objects,
like food, towns, clothing and architecture.
A cultural area is an area that contains people who share common cultural features. They may have a
common language, religion or history. We live in the Western World, many of us share the same
culture. A culture that’s outside the Western culture, is Turkish culture, they’re a part of the Islamic
cultural area.
Cultures within cultural areas are similar, but they also have their differences. An example is that a
Spanish tomato grower will never feel the same as a Copenhagen bookkeeper, although they’re
located in the same cultural area.
Cultural diffusion sometimes seems to be blurring away the boundaries between cultural areas, an
example is the McDonalds, which can be found all over the world.
Ethnic districts are districts that contain people from the same ethnic group, they often have a lower
income than average. In such an ethnic district is often a subculture found; a population group within
the main culture that’s different from the dominant culture.
Cultural diffusion happens when people move and take their culture with them. Nowadays, cultural
diffusion happens way more often, because transport and means of communication are getting better
and better.
The process of cultural diffusion:
- little is known about the new cultural element → an increasing proportion of the
population will have heard about it → public accepts the new cultural element → spreads
through an area rapidly → the new cultural element will become a part of their own
culture.
Cultural diffusion doesn’t work if the people don't accept the new cultural element.
Cultural diffusion can also be enforced, for example when a language isn’t allowed to be taught in
school anymore. With the intention that there wouldn’t be more than 1 culture in a country.
Westernisation is the process where elements of the Western culture are adapted throughout the entire
world. Americanisation is the process where American elements are adapted throughout the entire
world.
Fragmentary modernisation is the process where people make partial changes to their own culture by
adapting elements from other countries. However, they’ll largely retain their own non-material
cultural elements.
, Many non-Western cultures see Westernization/modernisation and Americanization as a threat; they
fear that the non-material cultural elements of their own culture will eventually vanish. They don’t see
Westernization/modernization and Americanization as an improvement, so therefore resist it.
§2.2 Borders and identity.
Natural and artificial:
There are two type of boundaries;
- Natural boundaries → seas, mountains and rivers.
- Artificial boundaries → determined by people & they indicate which authority or
organisation is in control
Open and closed borders:
The borders of the Netherlands are open to European citizens from the Schengen countries, these
countries signed a treaty that allows people goods and information to move freely. However, the
people who are not from a Schengen country are checked more strictly. A closed border is when
someone needs to have a visa → official permission to enter the country. Closed borders are often
seen because of fences, walls and border guards. Some borders are completely closed, such as the
border between North and South Korea.
Identity:
Areas have a regional identity. Areas can be different because of cultural elements such as language,
religion, customs and behaviour. The identity may be made visible by a flag, a coat of arms, or a
colour (orange in the Netherlands). Areas with a regional identity don’t necessarily have the same
boundaries as artificial borders, like Twente, it has its own regional identity but is not a separate
province. People can have an identity too, determined by where you live, who your friends are and the
choices you make. People highlight things for their identity, such as clothing, religion or music. You
can have a local identity (city), regional identity (province) or a national identity (country).
Ethnicity:
Ethnicity are the features and customs that are shared by a group of people that are passed from one
generation to the next. Some people have a transnational identity, they feel bond to their current
country and their home country.
Nation and state:
Nationalism united many ethnic groups within a country to become one singular ethnic group. They
spread a standard language and history, aiming to create a nation (a group of people within a state that
have become a single ethnic group). There is a difference between the borders of a nation and a state
(a country; an area with official borders and tis own government).
§2.3 Clashes between cultures.
Minorities:
Many countries have groups of people with different cultures, mostly there is a single dominant
culture, the others are “cultural minorities” (Turkish and Moroccan in the Netherlands). Mostly
you see social segregation, meaning that a group is not integrated into society. Social segregation
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