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Summary Economics 244 summaries $11.43
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Zusammenfassung

Summary Economics 244 summaries

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Included in this document is the whole of the Econ 244 syllabus necessary to study for the A2. fully summarised notes from international trade and international finance.

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  • 31. oktober 2023
  • 3
  • 2023/2024
  • Zusammenfassung
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CHAPTER 12
What is a financial crisis
 A well-functioning financial system solves asymmetric info problems, so K allocated to most productive users
 Asymmetric info problems are a barrier to efficient allocation of capital -> FINANCIAL FRICTIONS
 When financial frictions ↑, financial markets less capable channeling funds efficiently therefore leading to decline in economic
activity
 Financial crisis occurs when information flows in financial markets experience particularly large disruption, resulting in financial
frictions increasing sharply and financial markets stop functioning, and economic activity collapses.
Stages of a financial crisis
1) Initial phase
 Financial crisis can begin in two ways: Credit boom and bust, or general increase in uncertainty caused by failure of major fin.
Institution
Credit boom and bust
o Financial crisis often start when economy introduces new types of loans or financial products (innovation), or when country
engages in financial liberalization (FL) (elimination of restrictions on financial markets & institutions)
o LR financial liberalization promotes = financial development & encourages well run financial system that allocates K efficiently
o SR = prompt financial institutions to go on a lending spree, called a credit boom
- Lenders may not have expertise/incentive to manage risk appropriately  leads to over risky lending
- Gov. safety nets (deposit insurance), weaken market discipline & increase moral hazard incentive for banks to take on greater
risk
- lender/saver know that gov. insurance protects them from losses
-  losses on loans begin to build up and value of loans decreases (asset side of BS) ↓ relative to liabilities  ↓ net worth of
banks and other financial institutions
- Less capital means banks cut back on lending to borrowers (deleveraging)
 this means bank become riskier causing lender/savers to pull funds
 fewer funds mean fewer loans to fund productive investments and a credit freeze: lending boom → lending
crash
 as loans become scarce, borrower-spenders decrease spending, causing economic activity to contract

Asset-price boom and bust
o Prices of asset such as equity shares driven by investor phycology > fundamental economic values
o Rise of asset prices > fundamental economic values = asset-price bubble (tech stock market bubble late 1990)
o Often driven by credit booms → large increase in credit is used to fund purchase of asset driving up their price
o When bubble bursts (asset prices realign with FEV), stock & real estate prices ↓, companies net worth declines & value of their
collateral ↓
o  companies have less at stake  more likely to make risky investments because they have less to lose financial institutions
tighten lending standards for borrower-spenders
o Asset-price bust = ↓ in value of financial institutions assets  causing ↓ in institutions net worth and  deterioration In balance
sheet (DELEVERAGE) -> Steeper decline in economic activity
Increase in uncertainty
 Ex. Just after start of recession, crash in stock market or failure in major financial institution (2008 global financial crisis)

2) Banking crisis
 ↓ in balance sheet + tougher business conditions -> insolvency for some financial institutions
 Unable to pay off depositors/ other creditors -> go out business
 Bank panic: multiple banks go out of business at same time (asymmetric information)
o Depositors = panicked  withdraw their deposits from banks -> banks fall
o Uncertainty about health of banking system in general runs on banks  forces banks to sell off assets quickly to raise
funds (Fire sales)
 Causes prices ↓ so much that more banks become insolvent &  lead to multiple bank failures & fully-
fledged bank panic
 Fewer banks operating -> creditworthiness of borrower-spenders disappears (adverse selection lead decline in economic activity)
 Eventually public and private authorities shut down insolvent firms and sell them/liquidate them
 Uncertainty declines, stock market recovers, balance sheets improve
 Financial frictions decrease and financial crisis subsidies  ready for economic recovery
3) Debt deflation
 Substantial unanticipated decline in PL -> further decline in firms net worth bc. of increased burden of indebtedness
 Unanticipated decline in PL raises value of borrowing firms/households liabilities in real terms (↑ burden debt) but does not ↑
real value of asset  borrowers real net worth declines
 Example: firm has asset of $100 million in 2019 and $90 million of LT liabilities ( $10 million net worth), PL fall 10% in 2020 the
real value of liabilities is now $99 million in 2019 terms. Real value of assets remains unchanged, real net worth falls $10 -> $1
 Substantial decrease in real net worth of borrowers caused by sharp decline in PL creates increase adverse selection and moral
hazard problems for lenders (people will loan with less collateral)
 lending & economic activity decrease for long time (great depression = worst economic contraction in history of most advanced
countries

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