Summary papers Theory 1
Inhoud
Lecture 1.................................................................................................................................................3
Perception of Risk Posed by Extreme Events (Slovic, 2002)................................................................3
Lecture 2.................................................................................................................................................4
Analysis and Risk as Feelings: Some Thoughts about Affect, Reason, Risk, and Rationality (Slovic,
2004)..................................................................................................................................................4
The Role of Public Trust During Pandemics (Siegrist, 2014)................................................................7
Factors in Risk Perception (Sjöberg, 2000)..........................................................................................9
Lecture 2 notes.................................................................................................................................10
Lecture 3...............................................................................................................................................13
Flooding in The Netherlands: How people's interpretation of personal, social and institutional
resources influence flooding preparedness (Kerstholt, 2017)..........................................................13
Decision-making during a crisis: the interplay of narratives and statistical information before and
after crisis communication (Bakker, 2019)........................................................................................14
Lecture 3 additional notes................................................................................................................16
Lecture 4...............................................................................................................................................16
The Social Amplification of Risk: A Conceptual Framework (Kasperson, 1998).................................16
The social amplification of risk on Twitter: the case of ash dieback disease in the United Kingdom
(Fellenor, 2018).................................................................................................................................19
Lecture 4 notes.................................................................................................................................20
Lecture 5...............................................................................................................................................21
Proposed Model of the Relationship of Risk Information Seeking and Processing to the
Development of Preventive Behaviors (Griffin, 1999).......................................................................21
Risk Information Seeking and Processing Model: A Meta-Analysis (Yang, 2014)..............................23
Seeking information about food-related risks: The contribution of social media (Kuttschreuter,
2014)................................................................................................................................................23
Lecture 5 additional notes................................................................................................................24
Lecture 6...............................................................................................................................................24
Conditions for Intuitive Expertise (Kahneman & Klein, 2009)...........................................................24
Does playing the serious game B-SaFe! make citizens more aware of man-made and natural risks in
their environment? (Cremers, 2015)................................................................................................26
Should Governments Invest More in Nudging? (Benartzi, 2017)......................................................27
Lecture 6 additional notes................................................................................................................27
Lecture 7...............................................................................................................................................28
, Best practices in risk and crisis communication: Implications for natural hazards management
(Steelman, 2012)..............................................................................................................................28
Appealing to Fear: A Meta-Analysis of Fear Appeal Effectiveness and Theories (Tannenbaum, 2015)
..........................................................................................................................................................29
Lecture 7 notes.................................................................................................................................31
Lecture 8...............................................................................................................................................31
Encouraging pro-environmental behaviour: An integrative review and research agenda (Steg, 2008)
..........................................................................................................................................................31
Positive and negative spillover of pro-environmental behavior: An integrative review and
theoretical framework (Truelove, 2014)...........................................................................................33
Changing Household Energy Usage (Van der Werff, 2018)...............................................................35
Lecture 8 additional notes................................................................................................................35
Lecture 9...............................................................................................................................................36
Technology’s Four Roles in Understanding Individuals’ Conservation of Natural Resources (Midden,
2007)................................................................................................................................................36
Consumer Response to Product-Integrated Energy Feedback: Behavior, Goal Level Shifts, and
Energy Conservation (McCalley, 2010).............................................................................................37
Living Behind Dikes: Mimicking Flooding Experiences (Zaalberg, 2013)...........................................37
Lecture 9 additional notes................................................................................................................37
Lecture 10.............................................................................................................................................38
The Role of User Behaviour in Improving Cyber Security Management (Moustafa, 2021)...............38
What we think we know about cybersecurity: an investigation of the relationship between
perceived knowledge, internet trust, and protection motivation in a cybercrime context (De Kimpe,
2021)................................................................................................................................................39
Lecture 10 additional notes..............................................................................................................40
Lecture 11.............................................................................................................................................40
The privacy paradox applies to IoT devices too: A Saudi Arabian study (Aleisa, 2020).....................40
User Perceptions of Smart Home IoT Privacy (Zeng, 2018)...............................................................40
Human Aspects of Information Security, Privacy and Trust - Exploring Consumers’ Attitudes of
Smart TV Related Privacy Risks (Ghigliery)........................................................................................41
Lecture 11 additional notes..............................................................................................................41
,Lecture 1
Perception of Risk Posed by Extreme Events (Slovic, 2002)
Risk assessment = involves identification, quantification and characterization of threats to human
health and the environment.
Risk management = centers around processes of communication, mitigation and decision-making.
Multiple conceptions of risk:
- Risk as a hazard
- Risk as probability
- Risk as a consequence
- Risk as potential adversity or threat.
Risk is seen as a concept that human being have invented to help them understand and cope with the
dangers and uncertainties of life. Although these dangers are real, there is no such thing as “real risk”
or “objective risk”.
When experts judge risk they assess annual fatalities. Lay people’s judgements relate more to other
hazard characteristics (e.g. catastrophic threat to future generations).
Three approaches by which risk perception has been studied (Weber):
1. Axiomatic measurement paradigm = focusses on the way in which people subjectively
transform objective risk information in ways that reflect the impact that these events have on
their lives.
2. Socio-cultural paradigm = focusses on effect of group- and culture-level variables on risk
perception.
3. Psychometric paradigm = Identified people’s emotional reactions to risky situations that
affect judgements of the riskiness of physical, environmental, and material risks in ways that
go beyond their objective consequences.
The two factors in the psychometric paradigm are “dread risk” (perceived lack of control, dread,
catastrophic potential, fatal consequences) and “unknown risk” (unobservable, unknown, new,
delayed in their manifestation of harm).
If an event scores high on dread > perceived risk is high > the more people want to see it’s current
risks reduced > the more they want to see strict regulation > resulting in a reduction in risk
, Social amplification is triggered by the occurrence of an adverse event that falls into the risk-unknown
category and has potential consequences for a wide range of people.
Multiple mechanisms contribute to the social amplification of risk > e.g. clues or signals regarding the
magnitude of the risk
Two fundamentally different ways in which human beings process information about the world:
1. Association/similarity based: Older, fast, automatic, mostly unconscious. Includes emotions,
early “warning” system
2. Rule-based: Slower, effortful and requires awareness and conscious control. Works by
algorithms and rules (which you need to learn), probability calculus, formal logic.
These systems often work in parallel and result most of the time in identical judgements and
decisions.
Moreover, logical argument and analytic reasoning cannot be effective unless it is guided by emotion
and affect > Rational decision making requires integration of both systems.
Experiential thinking (association-based) = Intuitive, automatic, fast. Relies on images and
associations, linked by experience to emotion and affect (feelings of good vs. bad).
-> This system transforms uncertain and threatening aspects of the environment into affective
responses (e.g. fear, dread, anxiety) and thus represents risk as a feeling.
Risk perceptions are mostly based on association- and affect-driven processes, compared to rule- and
reason-based processes.
In cases where the outputs from the two processing systems disagree, the affective (association-
based) system usually prevails.
Psychophysical numbing (Fetherstonhaugh, 1997) = inability to attach feeling to extreme losses of life.
- “A single death is a tragedy; a million deaths is a statistic”
Single action bias = Taking one action to reduce a risk makes it less likely to take additional steps that
would provide additional protection or risk reduction.
Affective processing can function as a signal that some action needs to be taken to reduce risk.
Feeling of fear/dread will serve as a reminder to take this action, but when action is taken the
“danger flag” can be removed (single action bias).
Lecture 2
Analysis and Risk as Feelings: Some Thoughts about Affect, Reason,
Risk, and Rationality (Slovic, 2004)
Risk in the modern world is confronted and dealt with in 3 ways:
1. Risk as feelings > fast, instinctive and intuitive reactions to danger
2. Risk as analysis > brings logic, reason and scientific deliberation to bear on hazard
management
3. Risk as politics > when ancient instincts and modern scientific analyses clash ..
Affect = specific quality of “goodness” or “badness” experienced as a feeling state (both conscious
and unconscious and demarcating a positive or negative stimulus
Reliance on affect and emotion is a quicker, easier and more efficient way to navigate in a
complex, uncertain and sometimes dangerous world.
