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Lecture notes MBOC 1 & 2 pharmacy year 1
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Lecture notes of the course MBOC1 & 2 of the study Pharmacy RUG
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Molecular Biology of the Cell 1Lecture 1: (To do: buy the book MBotC1 6th or 7th ed. Bring structure in the notes of the
first lecture)
Chapter 1 Cells and Genomes:
Eukaryotic cells: Has a nucleolus
Prokaryotic cells: No nucleolus
Agonist -> Drug molecule, has a positive function.
Antagonist -> The opposite of an agonist -> Mirror images of each other.
Fentanyl -> Binds to a receptor (similar of morphine), pain killer. It causes less side effects,
even stronger than morphine.
LoFentanil is the agonist, the fentanyl is the antagonist.
Spike protein -> It makes viruses spread that fast, (Corona virus for example)
The origin of the living cell:
Stanley Miller Experiment:
Water Cycle: He put water in a bowl, little boiled, gasses like Water, Methane, Ammonia
and Hydrogen were in another bowl and electric discharged. Organic compounds have
been formed. Lipids, sugars and amino acids. The last ones became the building blocks of
the molecules. They can click to each other or condensed and became bigger ones. These
are the macromolecules. The proteins like Glycine have been formed.
Chapter 2 Cell chemistry and Bioenergetics:
There are four Major Families of Small organic Molecules
- A sugar (Glucose) (Ring structure, each Carbon atom has a number (when having five
carbon atoms it is called pentose)) (There are isomers, mirror or trans and cys.) Alpha
(Hydro oxygen under) and Beta (Hydro oxygen above) links. Disaccharides by splitting
of water and combining two molecules.) Polysaccharides (long chains) glycogen is an
example and is first burned by your body during effort. Oligosaccharides are short
chains.
- A fatty acid (Lipids) They have a hydrophilic head group (COOH). Unsaturated
(onverzadigd) when there are double bounds (knik in de structuur) and saturated
when there are no double bounds. Glycerol is an example. A phospholipid is
combined with the hydrophilic side of the fatty acid. The structure has a hydrophilic
head, who wants to bound with the water and a hydrophobic tail. In a micelle the
tails are in connection and there exists a circle. The primitive concept of the cell
(membrane) is a phospholipid bilayer. These can used for drug delivery. Transport
cells.
, - An amino acid (alpha carbon atom, all have an amino group, hydrogen group and
carboxyl group, but all have a different side-chain group.) There is a peptide bond
between the O=C and the N-H.
- A nucleotide (DNA) There are Pyrimidine (U, C and T) and Purine (A and G).
NucleoTide (PhosphaTe group) Sometimes there are two or more phosphates. It is
called nucleoside when there is only a base and a sugar. Two nucleotides can connect
by splitting of water, there is a 3’ end (3’ OH group) and a 5’ end (5’ phosphate
group).
Condensation: Water is splitted of to get one big molecule instead of two small ones, but it
is energetically unfavorable
Hydrolysis: Water is used to get two molecules instead of one big one. It is energetically
favorable.
Energy is given when ATP is divided in ADP and an inorganic phosphate (Pi) -> this is called
phosphorylation -> energetic unfavorable phosphorylation is the synthesis of ATP by adding
a phosphate to Adenine diphosphate (ADP)
One stable folded conformation is useful for specific use of drugs.
Ribosome: Macromolecular assemblies
DNA (double helix) has a negative charged backbone.
A and T has only two hydrogen bonds.
C and G has three hydrogen bonds.
Open weeding frames, one open weeding frame determines one gen, which is coding for
one protein.
E. coli (bacteria): prokaryote, able to live encodes about 4300 proteins.
Mitochondria are important by the energetic stuff. A mitochondrion just exists out of an
aerobic bacterium going into the cell.
The human genome project:
It started in 85. In the mid 90s they were able to sequence a lot more nucleotides.
Our genome is a lot bigger than E. coli
The data of this project is useful for determining targets for medicines. Detection of
hereditary disorders and notice differences in response to medicine, personalizing
medicines.
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