An extensive summary of all lectures given in the master's course parasitology. Lecture 7 (survival strategies) is missing and lecture 10 (Controlled human challenge model for Schistosoma vaccine testing in the endemic setting of Uganda) is incomplete. Images are incorporated!
All lectures except from lecture 7 (survival strategies)
Subjects
parasites
parasieten
metabolism
virulence
helminths
wormen
malaria
vectors
diagnostics
life cycles
biomedical sciences
biomedische wetenschappen
virulentie
infection
infectious diseases
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Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)
Biomedical Sciences
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HCs parasitology
HC 1: introduction (31/10/22)
-Parasite -> An eukaryotic organism that must live in or on other
organisms (hosts) to complete its natural life cycle.
-Medical parasitology -> Eukaryotic organisms that infect human
hosts.
-Symbiosis -> ‘Organisms living together’ -> Close association
between two organisms
• (micro)organism and host
• Different forms:
o Commensalism -> (micro)organism benefits, and the
host is neither harmed nor helped
▪ Benefit is uni-directional
o Mutualism -> Both (micro)organism and host benefit
▪ Benefit is bi-directional
o Parasitism -> (micro)organism benefits, but the host
is harmed
▪ Benefit is uni-directional
-Endo VS ecto parasites:
• Endoparasites -> Live IN the host -> Infection
o Example: Plasmodium falciparum
o Protozoa -> Unicellular
o Metazoa -> Multicellular
• Ectoparasite -> Live ON the host -> Infestation
o Example: Pediculosis humanus capitis (head louse)
o Insecta -> Lice and fleas
o Arachnida -> Mites and ticks
-Facultative VS obligate:
• Facultative -> The parasite may exist in a free-living state
• Obligate -> The parasite cannot survive without its host
-Different types of hosts:
• Definitive host -> In which sexual replication takes place.
• Intermediate host -> Only asexual replication takes place (so no sexual replication).
• Accidental host -> Parasite is seldom found
in this host (host was infected by ‘accident’).
-Classification of parasites:
• Protozoa -> Unicellular eukaryotes
o Rhizopodes
o Cilliates
, o Flagellates
o Sporozoans
- Organelles of locomotion
- Reproduction -> Binary fission or
schizogony (multiple fission)
o Examples: (picture)
• Metazoa -> Multicellular eukaryotes
(helminths)
o Trematodes (fluke)
o Cestodes (tapeworm)
o Nematodes (roundworm)
- Their morphology/sex -> male or female or hermaphroditic and have a alimentary tract
(darmstelsel).
- Examples: (picture)
-Differences between protozoa and helminths:
• Protozoa:
o Size: 1-100 m
o Unicellular
o Intra- and extracellular
o Reproduction in host -> asexual and/or sexual
o Increase in parasite load (-)
• Helminths:
o size: mm - meters
o Multicellular
o Hermaphroditic or / worm
o Reproduction -> eggs of larvae
o Stable population
-Life cycles:
• Direct -> Parasite needs one HOST to
complete its life cycle.
o Example: Enterobius vermicularis
• Indirect -> Parasite needs TWO (or more)
HOSTS to complete its life cycle.
o Example: Taenia solium/saginata
,HC 2: Ectoparasites – nuisance and their role in disease transmission (03/11/22)
-One health -> Unites the different disciplines (human, animal and environmental health).
-Hair follicle mites -> demodex
• 1/3 of men have them (there are benign)
-Today’s topics:
• Overview of ectoparasites
• Nuisance
• Transmission of pathogens by vectors:
o Epidemiological concepts
o Example of malaria and alternatives for
malaria control
Overview of ectoparasites
-Parasites come from the kingdom Animalia.
• Pathogens come from Bacteria, Fungi, as well as
viruses.
, -(Negative) roles of arthropods in human health:
• Ectoparasitosis -> E. g. scabies mite
• Endoparasitosis -> E. g. fly larvae that cause myasis (invading tissue).
• Poisoning -> Wasp, bee stings, spider bites
• Allergic reactions -> House dust mite
• Nuisance (ergenis) -> Midges and black flies in summer
• Delusory parasitosis
• As a vector of a disease agent, such as viruses, bacteria and parasites -> E. g. malaria mosquitos,
black flies, ticks, tsetse flies, blood-sucking bugs, fleas, sand flies and body lice
o Most serious impact on human health.
-Global trends in vector-borne diseases (picture).
-Plague -> results of a flee bite, or direct transmission
• Ancient diseases are still around thus! (2017, in Madagascar)
-West Nile virus -> First case found in a bird, we also found them later in mosquitos.
• Problem now (in The Netherlands).
-Ectoparasites -> Organisms living at the expense of other species of organisms (hosts), particularly on the
external body surfaces
• Damage can be caused as a result of bloodfeeding, burrowing, crawling or scraping the skin surface.
Ectoparasites: their role in nuisance
-Examples of ectoparasites (and their role in nuisance):
• Pediculus humanus (hoofdluis) -> Obligate human parasite (adapted to
humans).
o Risk factor -> taking selfies
o Needs to be transmitted via hair-to-hair, when it falls on the ground, it
is a dead end for the lice.
• Blood-sucking crab louse (Phtirus pubis) (schaamluis) -> STD (sexual
transmitted disease)
o Actually becoming endangered
• Blood-feeding Bed bugs -> Direct damage
o Cause itchy bites
o Can be present in even hygienic sleep areas.
o Becoming more resisted to anti-insect stuff.
o Heating works!
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