Duidelijke samenvatting van het vak Wetenschapsfilosofie! Ik heb deze bij het tentamen gehouden en heb daarmee alle(!) vragen over de hoorcolleges kunnen beantwoorden :)
,Hoorcollege 1: Positivisme..........................................................................................................5
Overzicht.................................................................................................................................5
Epistemologie..........................................................................................................................5
De empirisch-analytische benadering.....................................................................................9
Positivisme............................................................................................................................10
Positivistische gedragswetenschap.......................................................................................10
Hoorcollege 2: Waarden in de wetenschap..............................................................................11
Koster 3.................................................................................................................................11
Overzicht...............................................................................................................................12
Normativiteit.........................................................................................................................12
Door, voor en over ons.........................................................................................................14
Waardevrije wetenschap......................................................................................................14
Hoorcollege 3: Lichaam en geest..............................................................................................15
Koster 4.................................................................................................................................15
Overzicht...............................................................................................................................16
Lichaam en geest...................................................................................................................16
Cognitivisme..........................................................................................................................17
Persoon versus Brein.............................................................................................................18
De rol van lichaam en wereld...............................................................................................18
Hoorcollege 4: oorzaken en redenen........................................................................................18
Koster 5.................................................................................................................................19
Overzicht...............................................................................................................................19
Folk psychology.....................................................................................................................19
Hermeneutiek.......................................................................................................................21
De twee culturen...................................................................................................................22
Hoorcollege 5: Data en hypothesen.........................................................................................23
Koster 7.................................................................................................................................23
Overzicht...............................................................................................................................23
Abductie................................................................................................................................27
Bayesiaans redeneren...........................................................................................................28
Hoorcollege 6: Waarnemen is duiden......................................................................................29
Koster 8.................................................................................................................................29
Overzicht...............................................................................................................................29
Kuhn: wetenschapsontwikkeling is geen louter rationeel proces........................................30
Waarnemen is duiden: er bestaat geen neutrale empirische basis.....................................32
2
, Het holisme-probleem: theorieën zijn altijd ondergedetermineerd door data...................33
Hoorcollege 7: Feiten en constructies......................................................................................33
Koster 9.................................................................................................................................33
Overzicht...............................................................................................................................34
Objectief-subjectief...............................................................................................................34
Feiten....................................................................................................................................35
Alledaags realisme................................................................................................................35
Fenomenologie.....................................................................................................................36
Fenomenologie is de ‘geleefde en beleefde’ realiteit, bekend als de Lebenswelt.
Belangrijke fenomenologen zijn onder andere Husserl, Heidegger en Merleau-Ponty.......36
Relativisme............................................................................................................................37
Sociaal-constructivisme........................................................................................................37
Wetenschappelijk realisme...................................................................................................37
Bescheiden realisme.............................................................................................................38
Hoorcollege 8: Echte en pseudowetenschap............................................................................39
Echte wetenschap – slechte wetenschap – pseudowetenschap..........................................39
Koster 11...............................................................................................................................39
Overzicht...............................................................................................................................40
De kwestie: Hoe kun je ware van pseudowetenschap onderscheiden?..............................40
Echte wetenschap.................................................................................................................44
Hoorcollege 9: De gelaagde wereld..........................................................................................44
Koster 13...............................................................................................................................44
Overzicht...............................................................................................................................44
Micro en macro.....................................................................................................................44
Reductie................................................................................................................................45
Emergentie............................................................................................................................46
Structure versus agency........................................................................................................46
Consilience............................................................................................................................47
Complementariteit................................................................................................................47
Hoorcollege 10: Verklaring........................................................................................................47
Wetenschapsfilosofie in “de praktijk”..................................................................................47
Overzicht...............................................................................................................................49
De kwestie: Wat is ‘verklaren’?.............................................................................................49
Wetenschapsfilosofie in de praktijk......................................................................................51
De kwestie: Verklaringen voor (afwijkend) gedrag...............................................................52
Hoorcollege 11: Wetenschap en samenleving.........................................................................57
3
, Koster 18...............................................................................................................................57
Koster 19...............................................................................................................................58
Rol van politiek (sociale) media, publieke opinie, commerciële belangen, etc....................58
Wat te doen tegen slodderwetenschap?..............................................................................59
De kritische wetenschapsopvatting......................................................................................60
Hoorcollege 12: Wetenschappelijke pedagogiek.....................................................................63
Overzicht...............................................................................................................................63
Stromingen in de pedagogiek...............................................................................................63
Geesteswetenschappelijke pedagogiek................................................................................63
Empirisch-analytische pedagogiek........................................................................................63
Kritische pedagogiek.............................................................................................................64
Ecologische pedagogiek........................................................................................................65
De empirische analytische wetenschapsvisie is zo goed als hetzelfde als de common-sense
visie.
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