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History of psychology, science and profession - NOTES OF ALL CLASSES
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HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGYLes 2 (slides komen na de les online)
History = causes and reasons are important, not the dates!
She will not ask about the dates on the exam
History must be objective! If something is written by winners from a war for example the story is
totally different. We must research as much as we can.
History changes! For example, in the past there was never talked about women, nowadays they do.
Differentiate between history and historiography!
- Approach of individuals (individualist model): in the moment by yourself creating science.
- <-> Zeitgeist approach “Spirit of the epoch” (externalist model): we learn more from different
places, all the environment who has an influence on you and creating science.
- Historic development approach “big systems” (internalist model)
All of the models are correct, but it are different approaches, the one in the middle is the best volgens
prof.
Furmoto: this lady said: women are something in the history of psychology
After scientific method there came a crisis
Why?
Crisis was about the hypothetic-deductive method: All A are B
- Popper: Scientific realism: P. Falsability
o Not to search for the correct answer but trying to find something that het weerlegt.
- Kuhn: scientific idealism: Ta Paradigms
o Serie of peaceful and conservative periods interrupted by violent revolutions. Not only
by fighting and war, but by big argument.
- Popper: individualistic point of science
- Kuhn: externalist science is coming from revolutions, it is not a pile of accumulated
knowledge.
Consensus that science is the knowledge is obtained by means of the application of a method.
Experimental bias perception is very tricky, so we need different observers to decline this bias.
Generalization of reasons is difficult.
Depending on where to put the emphasis different history/approach
27/09
Chains: mental association is like this. The ones are linked to the others, some of them are always
together.
Association = one of the first movements in psychology
, Lightning: it is one of the main examples. Thunder and lightning are associated.
PHYSIOLOGY
Psychologists take a lot of profit out of it.
Scratching your eye you see light! You cannot hear voices, bcs it is interconnected with the nerves
there. It is specific.
Electricity: we have formulas for it and it is measurable Galvani came. He did the dissection a frog
and found electricity in the body of animals.
Sensation is not the same as perception. In the same situation everyone can see a different thing.
Witnesses say many different things when something has happened like a murder. stimuli by your
organs are very different than what your brain says.
Phrenology
= father of neuroscience, even though if we don’t like it.
According to things in the brain, saying what kind of illness you have etc.
Gall: started studying people their heads a repercussion about what happened in the brain
he created 26 locations. Brain was the organ of the mind.
They said there were “organs” in the brain, no fmri yet then, but we have faculties in the brain indeed!
They had tools to measure the brain and predicting personality what is related to holes and bumps in
the brains area.
Spurzheim: Aligned the terms with epoch morals, adding more than the initial 26
Von Helmholtz: they started measuring everything, reaction times etc
How fast goes electricity in the body? 25 m/s
Fechner: manipulating variables to see what has happened
indirect way to quantify
Weber: worked with the sense of touch
Minimal difference: not the sense, but about perception
Generations who were hungry in the past they are more efficient now and ze slagen vet op een
efficiëntere manier op.
Lamarck did not talk about ‘how’, he talked about the ‘what’.
Darwin: When we are angry we show our teeth ~ link to the animals, biting.
NIEUWE PROF
This course:
- Not a retrospective course, it is prospective. Not only about the past, also about the present
and the future.
- It is not only theoretical, it is practical about psychology, science and profession!
- Assessment: studying the behavior of people e.g., by observation (with secret cameras),
questionnaire surveys, focus groups, interviews
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