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College aantekeningen Quantative Historical Methods
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The lecture notes Quantitative Historical Methods.
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Quantitative Historical MethodsInhoudsopgave
Lecture 1: What is Quantitative data?.................................................................................................................. 3
SPSS.............................................................................................................................................................................3
Quantitative data........................................................................................................................................................3
Lecture 2:............................................................................................................................................................. 5
Calculating growth for periods...................................................................................................................................5
Logarithmic scale........................................................................................................................................................5
Indexcijfers..................................................................................................................................................................6
Tutorial 2:............................................................................................................................................................ 7
Hudson and Ishizu, 2017, History by Numbers (2nd edition): 129-141.....................................................................7
The Human Development Index, 1870–1999: Some revised estimates ....................................................................8
SPSS.............................................................................................................................................................................8
Lecture 3:............................................................................................................................................................. 9
Grouping data.............................................................................................................................................................9
Making Classes............................................................................................................................................................9
Terminology................................................................................................................................................................9
Percentiles, deciles, and quartiles.............................................................................................................................10
Tutorial 3:.......................................................................................................................................................... 12
Hudson and Ishizu, 2017, History by Numbers (2nd edition): 52-62.......................................................................12
Lecture 4:........................................................................................................................................................... 13
Visualisation..............................................................................................................................................................13
Grafieken...................................................................................................................................................................13
Grafieken voor nominal meetniveau........................................................................................................................14
Grafieken voor ordinaal meetniveau........................................................................................................................15
Grafieken voor ordinal en scale meetniveau’s.........................................................................................................15
Lecture 5:........................................................................................................................................................... 15
Center and dispersion...............................................................................................................................................15
Which Central Tendency?.........................................................................................................................................16
Skewness...................................................................................................................................................................16
..................................................................................................................................................................................17
, Standardisation: Z-scores..........................................................................................................................................18
Confidence Interval and T-Tests................................................................................................................................19
Lecture 6:........................................................................................................................................................... 21
Time series................................................................................................................................................................21
Consumenten prijsindex............................................................................................................................................22
Trend analyse............................................................................................................................................................24
Lineaire Regressie lijn................................................................................................................................................25
Voortschrijdend gemiddelde.....................................................................................................................................26
Tutorial 6:.......................................................................................................................................................... 28
Kernconpecten hoorcollege......................................................................................................................................28
Lecture 7:........................................................................................................................................................... 29
Statistical relationship..............................................................................................................................................29
Statistische significantie............................................................................................................................................30
Relaties: Nominale variabelen (op z’n minst een)....................................................................................................31
Relaties: Ordinaal en Scale variabelen......................................................................................................................33
Spearman Correlation: Ordinaal en Scale variabelen...............................................................................................34
Pearson Correlation: Scale variables only.................................................................................................................35
Tutorial 7:.......................................................................................................................................................... 36
Lecture 8: Building Models: regression analysis.................................................................................................. 37
Regression analysis: theory.......................................................................................................................................37
,Lecture 1: What is Quantitative data?
SPSS
Pro:
• Flexible
• Many pre-programmed statistical calculations and functions
• Wide professional and educational use
• Didactic user design
Contra:
• Not default on every computer; but available on campus
• Mostly preferred for (social sciences) microdata
Quantitative data
Levels of measurement
Nominal (categorical data): (qualitative) difference between units
e.g. Amsterdam – Rotterdam – Delft
Ordinal (categorical data): ranking
e.g. cities with 5.000-9.999 inhabitants smaller than cities with 10.000-
19.999 inhabitants
Ratio (& interval) (numeric data): exact distance between values
e.g. homicide rates
=> The ‘higher’ the variable type, the more statistical possibilities
=> Only possible to convert to ‘lower’ variable type
, Determining the level of measurement
Can you make distinction between values?
• no useless for statistics
• yes
Can you rank the values?
• no nominal level
• yes
Can you determine the exact difference between two values?
• no ordinal level
• yes
Scale level
Nominaal
Hier heeft de waarde die een variabele kan aannemen alleen de betekenis van een naam. Er
is geen sprake van een volgorde. Denk bijvoorbeeld aan rugnummers van een voetbal elftal.
Je kunt niet zeggen dat de speler met rugnummer 14 beter is dan de speler met rugnummer
7.
Ordinaal
Een waarde op ordinaal niveau geeft alleen een volgorde aan. Denk bijvoorbeeld aan
opleiding. Voorbeeld: Inwoneraantal
1. = Amsterdam
2. = Rotterdam
3. = Eindhoven
4. = Breda
Interval
Bij variabelen op intervalniveau hebben verschillen wel een betekenis. Neem bijvoorbeeld
temperatuur. Het verschil tussen 30° en 40° is hetzelfde als het verschil tussen 70° en 80°.
Je kunt echter niet zeggen dat 80° twee keer zo warm is als 40°.
Ratio
Bij variabelen op rationiveau heb je altijd een nulpunt. Denk aan gewicht, lengte of het
aantal verkochte exemplaren van een product. Je kunt uitspraken doen 'A scoort twee keer
zo hoog als B'.
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