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D265 Critical Thinking Study graded A+ 100% verified
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D265 Critical Thinking Study graded A+ 100% verified
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D265 Critical Thinking StudyCritical Thinking - ANSThe ability to think carefully about thinking and reasoning/to be critical of
your own reasoning.
Propositions - ANSThe fundamental building blocks of arguments. They are a statement that
can be true or false.
Simple propositions - ANSThey have no internal logic structure, they are simply true or false
based on how the world is.
Freedom should be the highest value for its citizens. - ANSSimple proposition
Complex propositions - ANSThey have internal logic structure, and whether they are true or
false depends on if their parts are true or false.
If freedom should be the highest value for its citizens, then we should promote it in our laws and
policies. - ANSComplex proposition
Argument - ANSContains at least two statements or propositions: a conclusion and one or more
premises that lend support to the conclusion.
Premise - ANSA proposition that supports the conclusion.
Conclusion Indicators - ANSTherefore, so, it follows that, hence, thus, entails that, we may
conclude that, implies that, wherefore, as a result.
Premise Indicators - ANSBecause, for, given that, in that, as, since, indicated by.
Conclusion - ANSThe claim that the whole argument is intended to support or prove.
Deduction - ANSArguments where the premises guarantee or necessitate the conclusion.
Types of arguments that are deductive - ANSMathematical arguments, logical arguments,
arguments from definition.
Induction - ANSArguments where the premises make the conclusion likely to be true.
Types of arguments that are inductive/ampliative - ANSAnalogies, authority, casual inferences,
scientific reasoning, extrapolations.
P1: Monty is in Bejing
, P2: It is impossible to get here from Bejing in an afternoon
Conclusion: Monty won't be at the party - ANSDeductive argument
P1: Monty is really shy
P2: Monty rarely goes to parties
Conclusion: Monty won't be at the party - ANSInductive/ampliative argument
Soundness/Validity - ANSElements of a deductive argument
Validity - ANSIf true, the premises make the conclusion true
Soundness - ANSThe argument's premises guarantee the conclusion when true (Validity), and
all premises are true
Strength/Cogency - ANSElements of an inductive argument
Strength - ANSThe premises give probable support for the conclusion.
Cogent - ANSThe premises give probable support towards the conclusion when true (Strength),
and all premises are true
Fallacy - ANSA defect in reasoning
Formal Fallacy - ANSA defect in the structure of an argument
Informal Fallacy - ANSA defect in the content of an argument
Modus Ponens (Affirming the Antecedent) basic structure - ANSP1. If X, then Y
P2. X
C: Therefore, Y
No Formal Fallacy
P1. If I'm in Rome, then I'm in Italy
P2. I am in Rome.
C: Therefore, I am in Italy - ANSModus Ponens (Affirming the Antecedent)
Affirming the Consequent basic structure - ANSP1. If X, then Y
P2. Y
C: Therefore, X
Commits Formal Fallacy
P1. If I am in Rome, then I'm in Italy.
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