Summary Cross-cultural psychology minor notes PART 2
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Course
FSWP-MINOR-6B
Institution
Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam (EUR)
Really short summarized notes of all 29 articles needed for the second part of the minor. Each article is approximately summarised in half a page. This is very helpful to read before the exam, but it doesn't cover every detail of every article, but generally talks about the important points in eve...
1. Stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination Kassin:
- Stereotypes are beliefs or associations linking whole groups of people with certain traits
or characteristics.
- Prejudice: negative feelings about others because of their connection to a social group.
It results in negative behaviour towards or against people because of their membership
in a particular group. This will often result in discrimination.
- Discrimination: negative behaviour towards or against persons because of their
membership to a particular group.
- Racism: prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s racial background or
institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one racial group over
another.
- Implicit racism: unintentional and unconscious
- Explicit racism: intentional and conscious racism
- Modern racism: a subtle form of racism that stays under the surface and is
socially accepted. Correlates with systematic racism, in institutions for example
on grounds of gender.
- Aversive racism: concerns the ambivalence between individuals. According to
this, persistent avoidance of interaction with other racial and ethnic groups
realises negative evaluations of racial/ethnic minorities.
- Micro-aggressions form a part of this: smaller actions that are racially
targeted that are used to discriminate. Also a subtle form of
discrimination.
- Stigmatized: being persistently stereotyped, perceived as deviant and devalued in
society because of membership in a particular social group or a particular characteristic.
- Stereotype threat: the experience of concern about being evaluated based on negative
stereotypes about one's group.
- Implicit racial bias is found among young children and explicit bias declines with age.
- Interracial bias: bias between two different racial backgrounds
- Metastereotypes: people are worried about how they will be perceived by the outgroup
which results in a negative outcome.
- Causes of stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination:
- Social categorization and ingroup conflict
- Ingroup vs. outgroup
- Out-group homogeneity effect: This might lead to underestimating
differences between in-groups and overestimating differences between
out-groups.
- Dehumanising outgroups
2. Stereotype activation and application Kunda/Spencer:
- Comprehension goals: the need to understand events, reduce the complexity of the
environment, gain cognitive clarity, and form coherent impressions.
- Self-enhancement goals: the need to maintain, protect, and enhance self-esteem, affirm
self-worth, and preserve valued aspects of self-concept. Fundamental attribution error.
- Motivation to avoid prejudice: they try to suppress the stereotype after activation.
- Internal motive: fairness, beliefs or logic.
- External motive: to avoid public outcry, and give off a better self-image.
,- Stereotype activation: people’s motivations will determine what happens with the
stereotype activation. Whether they want to use comprehension goals,
self-enhancement goals or avoid prejudice.
- Stereotype application: the extent to which one uses a stereotype to judge a member of
the stereotyped group.
- Attention to target category: the target is being linked to the group in which the
stereotype is created.
- Factors that influence activation:
- The level of prejudice you have already affects the activation process
- Time also affects the activation
- Sensitive topics
- Disagreement with someone from another group
- Factors that influence application:
- Strong social norms against prejudice and stereotyping can inhibit the behaviour.
- Self-affirming experience and enhancement of self-enhancement goals can be
decreased.
- Need for structure, for example, some people want control.
- A way to avoid it is to have excuses for the stereotype.
3. Does contact reduce prejudice or does prejudice reduce contact? Binder et al.
- Allport contact hypothesis: contact between groups is effective in reducing prejudice in
an equal setting and has to allow the development of close relationships.
- Conditions for contact hypothesis: equal status, personal interactions, cooperative
activities and social norms
- Contact effect: when people have contact, it reduces prejudice
- Prejudice effect: prejudice leads to less contact with outgroup
- The majority members showed stronger contact effects compared to members of ethnic
minorities, for whom such effects were non-existent. Minority members did not
experience significant contact effects unless outgroup friends were seen as highly typical
of their group.
, - Typicality: the finding that people are quicker to make category judgments about
typical members of a category than they are to make such judgments about
atypical members.
4. Acculturation, identity, and adaptation Berry et al.:
- Ethnic identity: family, upbringing and experiences that influence yourself. Ethnic identity
is the influence of cultures on your identity. Something that is constructed over time and
so it is not stable, but a dynamic product.
- The process of acculturation involves two key aspects: individuals' connection to their
original cultures and their connection to the new societies they settle in.
- The four acculturation strategies/processes:
- Assimilation: not wanting to retain your own culture, but actively searching for the
mainstream culture.
- Separation: retaining your own culture and avoiding the other culture, by for
example not talking to people of the other culture on purpose because you wish
to be separated.
- Integration: maintaining your ethnic culture, but also integrating the national
culture, however, you may need to let go of some of your ethnic values. The
degree of integration is important.
- Marginalization: excluding certain groups from cultural interactions, often due to
discrimination. It results in the loss of cultural identity and connection, causing
isolation and exclusion from society.
- Psychological adaptation: personal well-being, good mental health.
- Sociocultural adaptation: individuals’ social competence in managing their daily life in an
intercultural setting.
- Ethnic Profile: Strong ethnic ties and identity, language proficiency, and separation
tendency from larger society. (Positive for psychological adaptation, poor for
sociocultural).
- National Profile: Focus on society of residence, high assimilation, and weak ethnic
identity. (Positive for sociocultural adaptation, poor for psychological)
- Integration Profile: Balanced involvement in both cultures, avoiding extremes. (Best
psychological and sociocultural adaptation)
- Diffuse Profile: Uncertain identity, conflicting attitudes on assimilation and separation.
(Worst)
5. Mental health outcomes of ethnic identity and acculturation among British-born children
of immigrants from Turkey Cavdar et al.:
- A greater ethnic identity has a significant positive relationship with positive mental health.
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