ESB TEST 2 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
(GRADED A+)
Research Process - ANSWER-Question, design, findings, publishing
True Experiment - ANSWER-designs in which the researcher manipulates ALL
independent variables; total control over who's in what group
Quasi Experimental Design - ANSWER-designs in which random assignments cannot
be used
Quasi Independent Variables - ANSWER-variables treated as if they were independent
variables in the experimental design even though the researchers did not manipulate
them
Self Reports - ANSWER-any measurement technique that directly asks a participant
how they think/feel
Advantages of Self Report - ANSWER-inexpensive, easily administered, firsthand info
from the source
Disadvantages of Self Report - ANSWER-social desirability concerns, potential demand
characteristics (wanting a specific result like on buzzfeed quiz), possible retrospective
bias
Behavioral Measure - ANSWER-a measure of a participant's actions in a research
design, must be able to operationally define and measure participants' behavior
(Behavioral trace/observation/choice)
Raw Score - ANSWER-the actual score; trace score + error
True Score - ANSWER-what your score would be if the test was a perfect measure of
that attribute and uninfluenced by any extraneous factors
Error - ANSWER-extraneous influences that will cause the raw score to deviate from the
true score; (random error + bias)/systematic error
Random Error - ANSWER-variation from the measure's true score due to unsystematic
or chance factors, present if you get different results when the same measure was used
multiple times
, Systematic Error - ANSWER-aka bias, error that consistently pushes scores in a given
direction, worse than random error bc leads to inaccurate conclusions
Strategies for Minimizing Error - ANSWER-standardization of experiments, reduce
scorer biases
Observer/Scorer Bias - ANSWER-misinterpreting an observation based on the
researcher's existing beliefs, previous experiences, expectations, etc
Ceiling Effect - ANSWER-occurs when the upper boundary of a measurement tool is set
too low, leading everyone to select the highest response
Floor Effect - ANSWER-occurs when the lower boundary of a measurement tool is set
too high, leading everyone to select the lowest response
Reliability - ANSWER-stability or consistency of a measure
Validity - ANSWER-the degree to which a tool measures what it claims to; to be valid, a
measure must first be reliable
Population - ANSWER-the entire group of interest in a research study from which a
sample is drawn
Sample - ANSWER-a subset of the population from which the researcher collects data
Sampling Plan - ANSWER-explicit strategy used for recruiting participants from the
population; goal is to represent the population you are sampling
Probability Sampling Method - ANSWER-everyone in the population of interest has an
equal chance of being recruited
Simple Random Sampling - ANSWER-participants are randomly selected from the
population
Strata Random Sampling - ANSWER-subset is randomly selected from various
subpopulations or categories
Cluster Random Sampling - ANSWER-dividing the total population into groups and
randomly selecting which groups participate
Non Probability Sampling - ANSWER-everyone in a population of interest does NOT get
an equal chance of being recruited, creates bias
Convenience Sampling - ANSWER-nonrandom selection of participants readily
available to the researcher
(GRADED A+)
Research Process - ANSWER-Question, design, findings, publishing
True Experiment - ANSWER-designs in which the researcher manipulates ALL
independent variables; total control over who's in what group
Quasi Experimental Design - ANSWER-designs in which random assignments cannot
be used
Quasi Independent Variables - ANSWER-variables treated as if they were independent
variables in the experimental design even though the researchers did not manipulate
them
Self Reports - ANSWER-any measurement technique that directly asks a participant
how they think/feel
Advantages of Self Report - ANSWER-inexpensive, easily administered, firsthand info
from the source
Disadvantages of Self Report - ANSWER-social desirability concerns, potential demand
characteristics (wanting a specific result like on buzzfeed quiz), possible retrospective
bias
Behavioral Measure - ANSWER-a measure of a participant's actions in a research
design, must be able to operationally define and measure participants' behavior
(Behavioral trace/observation/choice)
Raw Score - ANSWER-the actual score; trace score + error
True Score - ANSWER-what your score would be if the test was a perfect measure of
that attribute and uninfluenced by any extraneous factors
Error - ANSWER-extraneous influences that will cause the raw score to deviate from the
true score; (random error + bias)/systematic error
Random Error - ANSWER-variation from the measure's true score due to unsystematic
or chance factors, present if you get different results when the same measure was used
multiple times
, Systematic Error - ANSWER-aka bias, error that consistently pushes scores in a given
direction, worse than random error bc leads to inaccurate conclusions
Strategies for Minimizing Error - ANSWER-standardization of experiments, reduce
scorer biases
Observer/Scorer Bias - ANSWER-misinterpreting an observation based on the
researcher's existing beliefs, previous experiences, expectations, etc
Ceiling Effect - ANSWER-occurs when the upper boundary of a measurement tool is set
too low, leading everyone to select the highest response
Floor Effect - ANSWER-occurs when the lower boundary of a measurement tool is set
too high, leading everyone to select the lowest response
Reliability - ANSWER-stability or consistency of a measure
Validity - ANSWER-the degree to which a tool measures what it claims to; to be valid, a
measure must first be reliable
Population - ANSWER-the entire group of interest in a research study from which a
sample is drawn
Sample - ANSWER-a subset of the population from which the researcher collects data
Sampling Plan - ANSWER-explicit strategy used for recruiting participants from the
population; goal is to represent the population you are sampling
Probability Sampling Method - ANSWER-everyone in the population of interest has an
equal chance of being recruited
Simple Random Sampling - ANSWER-participants are randomly selected from the
population
Strata Random Sampling - ANSWER-subset is randomly selected from various
subpopulations or categories
Cluster Random Sampling - ANSWER-dividing the total population into groups and
randomly selecting which groups participate
Non Probability Sampling - ANSWER-everyone in a population of interest does NOT get
an equal chance of being recruited, creates bias
Convenience Sampling - ANSWER-nonrandom selection of participants readily
available to the researcher
