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samenvatting filosofie UA
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Volledige samenvatting van de lessen filosofie van Marlies De Munck + notities genomen tijdens de lessen.
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FILOSOFIEINHOUDSOPGAVE
Thema 1: ethiek ............................................................................................................................................... 6
Begrippenkader ........................................................................................................................ 6
Afbakening van de ethiek .............................................................................................................................. 6
Rechtvaardiging ............................................................................................................................................. 7
Het funderingsprobleem........................................................................................................... 7
Uit feiten geen normen ................................................................................................................................. 7
Geen ultieme fundering................................................................................................................................. 7
Tussen objectivisme en relativisme ............................................................................................................... 8
Het probleem van het relativisme ................................................................................................................. 8
Vrijheid, authenticiteit en geluk ................................................................................................ 9
Het goede leven ............................................................................................................................................. 9
Vrijheid .......................................................................................................................................................... 9
Authenticiteit ................................................................................................................................................. 9
Geluk ............................................................................................................................................................ 10
Utilitarisme versus ethiek van Kant ......................................................................................... 10
HET JUISTE LEVEN ........................................................................................................................................ 10
UTILITARISME .............................................................................................................................................. 10
BENTHAM .................................................................................................................................................... 11
VOORBEELD: Peter Singers effectief altruïsme ........................................................................................... 11
RECHTVAARDIGINGSCRITERIUM ................................................................................................................. 11
KRITIEK ......................................................................................................................................................... 11
Voorbeeld uitbuiting.................................................................................................................................... 12
Voorbeeld individueel versus collectief belang ........................................................................................... 12
1
, KANT ............................................................................................................................................................ 12
DE ETHIEK VAN KANT................................................................................................................................... 12
CATEGORISCHE IMPERATIEF ........................................................................................................................ 13
gladiatorenspelen ........................................................................................................................................ 13
KRITIEK ......................................................................................................................................................... 13
UTILITARISME // ETHIEK VAN KANT .......................................................................................................... 14
Centrale begrippen ...................................................................................................................................... 14
CASUS 1: Biodiversiteit en klimaat ................................................................................................................. 15
Morele verantwoordelijkheid in het antropoceen .......................................................................................... 15
ANTROPOCEEN....................................................................................................................... 15
Klimaat- en milieuvervuiling: uitdaging voor het utilitarisme ................................................... 15
Dierenrechten: uitdaging voor de Kantiaanse ethiek ............................................................... 16
ECOCIDE ................................................................................................................................. 16
ETHIEK IN HET ANTROPOCEEN ................................................................................................ 16
EVA MEIJER, ‘Dennen’ in Vuurduin, Aantekeningen bij een wereld die verdwijnt, Lemniscaat,
2021....................................................................................................................................... 17
BRUNO LATOUR, ‘Het lijkt wel alsof we op verschillende planeten leven’ – een denkbeeldig
planetarium ........................................................................................................................... 18
in: Het parlement van de dingen. Over Gaia en de representatie van niet-mensen, Boom, 2021.
.............................................................................................................................................. 18
THEMA 2: SOCIALE EN POLITIEKe FILOSOFIE ................................................................................................... 20
‘de rechtvaardige samenleving’ ..................................................................................................................... 20
politieke filosofie ................................................................................................................... 20
WAT IS POLITIEK? ........................................................................................................................................ 20
BASISBEGRIPPEN ......................................................................................................................................... 20
HET WENSELIJKE EN HET MOGELIJKE .......................................................................................................... 20
Over de relatie tussen moraal en macht ..................................................................................................... 21
Over de relatie tussen moraal en macht ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hobbes, Aristoteles, Rousseau ................................................................................................ 21
DRIE FUNDAMENTELE POSITIES .................................................................................................................. 21
2
, HOBBES ........................................................................................................................................................ 21
ARISTOTELES ................................................................................................................................................ 22
ROUSSEAU ................................................................................................................................................... 23
DRIE FUNDAMENTELE POSITIES .................................................................................................................. 25
Denkoefening ......................................................................................................................... 26
rechtvaardigheid .................................................................................................................... 26
BEGRIPSBEPALING ....................................................................................................................................... 26
RECHTEN EN GOEDEREN ............................................................................................................................. 26
SOCIALE RECHTVAARDIGHEID ..................................................................................................................... 27
TWEE TYPES VAN RECHTVAARDIGHEID ....................................................................................................... 27
VERDELENDE RECHTVAARDIGHEID ............................................................................................................. 27
debat over de verzorgingsstaat ............................................................................................... 28
LIBERALE DEMOCRATIE ............................................................................................................................... 28
TWEE IDEOLOGISCHE STREKKINGEN ........................................................................................................... 28
JOHN RAWLS (1921-2002) ........................................................................................................................... 28
A THEORY OF JUSTICE .................................................................................................................................. 29
TWEE RECHTVAARDIGHEIDSPRINCIPES ....................................................................................................... 29
Welke commune is het rechtvaardigst? ...................................................................................................... 30
ROBERT NOZICK (1938-2002) ...................................................................................................................... 31
NACHTWAKERSSTAAT (night-watchman state) ........................................................................................... 31
Denkoefening: Rawls of Nozick?.................................................................................................................. 31
CONCLUSIE................................................................................................................................................... 32
Centrale begrippen ...................................................................................................................................... 32
CASUS 2: Democratie en populisme ................................................................................................................ 33
Chantal Mouffe, Over het politieke (2008) .............................................................................. 35
Chantal Mouffe, ‘De politiek en het politieke’ ............................................................................................ 35
David Van Reybrouck, Tegen verkiezingen (2016) .................................................................... 39
David Van Reybrouck, ‘Tijdelijk pleidooi voor een bi-representatief stelsel’ .............................................. 39
Kritiek .................................................................................................................................... 41
3
, THEMA 3: CULTUURFILOSOFIE ‘Identiteit en cultuur’ ..................................................................................... 43
HET MODERNE CULTUURBEGRIP............................................................................................. 43
WAT IS ROMANTIEK?.............................................................................................................. 43
REACTIE TEGEN DE VERLICHTING ............................................................................................ 44
MENSHEIDSGESCHIEDENIS...................................................................................................... 44
NATIONALE CULTUUR............................................................................................................. 44
WAT IS KLASSENSTRIJD? ......................................................................................................... 45
GESCHIEDENIS ALS KLASSENSTRIJD ......................................................................................... 45
DOMINANTE CULTURELE TEGENSTELLING ............................................................................... 45
BURGERLIJKE CULTUUR .......................................................................................................... 46
POLITISERING VAN HET CULTUURBEGRIP ................................................................................ 46
WAT IS MODERNITEIT? ........................................................................................................... 47
DE MODERNE STAD ................................................................................................................ 47
MODERNE CULTUUR .............................................................................................................. 47
ontwikkeling van het moderne cultuurbegrip .......................................................................... 48
Denkoefening: cultuur en strijd............................................................................................... 49
KRITIEK OP DE MODERNE CULTUUR ........................................................................................ 49
EEN FUNDAMENTELE OPPOSITIE ............................................................................................. 50
DE GEESTESWETENSCHAPPELIJKE TRADITIE ............................................................................. 50
EEN NORMATIEVE KWESTIE .................................................................................................... 51
HOGE EN LAGE CULTUUR ........................................................................................................ 51
MASSACULTUUR .................................................................................................................... 52
TELOORGANG VAN DE BESCHAVING ....................................................................................... 52
TERUGVAL IN DE BARBARIJ ..................................................................................................... 53
CULTUURINDUSTRIE ............................................................................................................... 53
EEN NORMATIEVE KWESTIE .................................................................................................... 53
DE WAARDE VAN DE NIEUWE MEDIA ...................................................................................... 54
TWEE CONCEPTIES VAN KUNST ............................................................................................... 54
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