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Saylor Academy - PHIL102 Final Study/129 Q and A/A+ Graded 2023
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Saylor Academy - PHIL102 Final Study/129 Qand A/A+ Graded 2023
literal meaning - -A sentence's grammatical structure and the conventional
meanings assigned to the words used
-Conversational implicature - -information that is understood through
inference but is not actually said in a conversation
-implied meaning - -This is a suggested, but not stated meaning
-reportive definition - -A dictionary-type definition that attempts to capture
how a word is normally used
-stipulative definition - -assigns a new meaning to a term
-precising definition - -seeks to make more precise what was previously
vague or fuzzy
-persuasive definition - -A definition that aims at persuading the listener
one way or another toward the term being defined.
-factual dispute - -occurs when people disagree on a matter that involves
facts
-verbal dispute - -when a vague or ambiguous term results in a linguistic
misunderstanding
-necessary condition - -a condition without which another event cannot
occur
-sufficient condition - -a condition that will certainly bring about another
event
-antecedent - -The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.
-consequent - -the outcome of the hypothetical condition
-obscure - -difficult to see, vague
-lexical ambiguity - -A situation in which a word has two or more meanings.
Example: pen-writing instrument pen- a place where pigs live
-referentially ambiguous - -A sentence in which a single word does not
explicitly refer
, Ex: Person A and Person B got into the car and they turned on the air
conditioning". It's not clear which person turned on the AC.
-syntactically ambiguous - -sentence's grammatical structure is unclear,
words have multiple but determinate meanings
Ex: "Politicians are frightening people"
-Vagueness - -indefiniteness, uncertainty. Meanings are indeterminate
Ex: "Dinner will be done in a while."
-incompletely expressed idea - -Self-explanatory.
Ex: "Will this test be like the last one?"
Instead of, "How will this test be similar to the last one? Are we talking
length, difficulty, or content?"
-distortions of meaning - -can result in an erroneously positive or negative
disposition
-reification - -viewing an abstract, immaterial concept as if it were a
concrete thing
-category mistake - -Attributing a property to something that could not
possibly have that property.
Ex: Comparing apples and oranges and placing apples in the "citrus"
category.
-premises - -The reasons presented to persuade someone that a conclusion
is true or probably true.
-conclusion - -a judgement based on the information obtained
-valid argument - -a deductive argument that does in fact provide logically
conclusive support for its conclusion
-invalid argument - -a deductive argument that does not offer logically
conclusive support for the conclusion
-contradiction - -a statement that is the opposite of another statement
-sound argument - -a valid argument with true premises
-standard form - -Organizing your argument by writing out the premises
and conclusion in list form makes the structure clearer
-counterexample - -an example used to support a claim or statement that is
the opposite of another claim or statement
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