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Samenvatting Inspanningsfysiologie
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Samenvatting Inspanningsfysiologie
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InspanningsfysioInhoudsopgave
Algemeen ..................................................................................................................................................... 12
Fosfageensysteem ....................................................................................................................................... 12
Werking:................................................................................................................................................... 12
Werking van fosfocreatine................................................................................................................... 12
Kenmerken ............................................................................................................................................... 13
Glycolytisch systeem (glucose en glycogeen) .............................................................................................. 13
!! Koolhydraten ........................................................................................................................................ 13
Glucose .................................................................................................................................................... 14
Glycogenolyse .......................................................................................................................................... 14
Inspanning stimulatie van glycogenolyse ....................................................................................... 14
Beïnvloedende factoren bij glycogeenverbruik ....................................................................................... 14
Pyruvaat naar a) lactaat of b) Krebs cyclus .............................................................................................. 15
Glycolyse .................................................................................................................................................. 15
Anaerobe afbraak van glycogeen en bloedglucose (conclusie) ............................................................... 16
Oxidatief metabolisme van KH, vetten en EW............................................................................................. 16
Krebscyclus............................................................................................................................................... 16
Elektronentransportketen = oxidatieve fosforylering ............................................................................. 17
Aerobe glycolyse ...................................................................................................................................... 17
Aerobe glycogenolyse .............................................................................................................................. 17
De verbranding van vetten (en eiwitten)................................................................................................. 18
Verbranding van vetzuren = B-oxidatie ............................................................................................... 18
Belang van aminozuren tijdens inspanning ......................................................................................... 18
Twee bronnen van ammoniakaccumulatie bij inspanning ...................................................................... 18
Interactie tussen de energiesystemen......................................................................................................... 19
Vermogen en capaciteit van de verschillende energieleveringssystemen .............................................. 19
Substraatverbruik ifv de relatieve belastingsintensiteit .......................................................................... 19
Beïnvloedende factoren van het substraatverbruik ................................................................................ 20
Als de spier mag kiezen............................................................................................................................ 21
Wanneer mag de spier niet kiezen: ..................................................................................................... 21
Nuchtere inspanning................................................................................................................................ 21
Oxidatieve capaciteit van de spieren ....................................................................................................... 21
Beperkende factoren van de oxidatieve capaciteit van de spieren..................................................... 21
1
, Beschikbaarheid van extramusculaire brandstof en zuurstof: bepalende factoren ........................... 21
Spiervezeltypes ............................................................................................................................................ 22
Type 1 = oxidatieve vezels ....................................................................................................................... 22
Type 2 = glycolytische vezels ................................................................................................................... 22
Type 2a ................................................................................................................................................. 23
type 2x ................................................................................................................................................. 23
type 2c = hybride vezels....................................................................................................................... 23
spiervezeltypeverdeling bij de mens ....................................................................................................... 23
Spiervezeltypesamenstelling ................................................................................................................... 24
Weetjes ........................................................................................................................................................ 24
Krachtwinst door krachttraining .................................................................................................................. 26
Neurale sturing van krachttoename ........................................................................................................ 26
Hypertrofie van spieren ........................................................................................................................... 26
Hyperplasie van de spiervezels ............................................................................................................ 28
Spieratrofie en afgenomen kracht door inactiviteit ................................................................................ 28
Immobilisatie ....................................................................................................................................... 28
Spieratrofie bij veroudering ................................................................................................................. 28
Spiervezeltype – veranderingen door krachttraining? ............................................................................ 29
Spierpijn ....................................................................................................................................................... 29
Acute spierpijn ......................................................................................................................................... 29
Vertraagde spierpijn of spierschade ........................................................................................................ 29
Weetjes ........................................................................................................................................................ 29
Categorisatie van inspanning ....................................................................................................................... 31
Cellulaire aanpassingen door aerobe en anaerobe training........................................................................ 31
!! Spiervezeltype en aerobe training ....................................................................................................... 31
Capillaire doorbloeding en aerobe training ............................................................................................. 32
Hoeveelheid myoglobine en aerobe training .......................................................................................... 32
Mitochondriën, oxidatieve enzymen en aerobe training ........................................................................ 32
Aerobe training: structurele aanpassingen ............................................................................................. 33
Metabole aanpassingen aan aerobe training van invloed op de energiesystemen ................................ 33
Spiervezeltype en anaerobe training ....................................................................................................... 34
Anaerobe training en aanpassingen in de energiesystemen ................................................................... 34
Anaerobe training en andere aanpassingen ............................................................................................ 35
Activiteit van spierenzymen bij ongetrainde, anaeroob en aeroob getrainde mannen ......................... 35
Vermoeidheid en haar oorzaken ................................................................................................................. 36
Energiesystemen en vermoeidheid ............................................................................................................. 36
2
, Depletie van creatinefosfaat.................................................................................................................... 36
Glycogeendepletie en vermoeidheid ....................................................................................................... 36
Selectieve glycogeendepletie .............................................................................................................. 36
Glycogeendepletie in de verschillende spiergroepen.......................................................................... 37
Metabole bijproducten en vermoeidheid ................................................................................................... 37
Neuromusculaire vermoeidheid .................................................................................................................. 37
Herstel na belasting ..................................................................................................................................... 38
Zuurstofverbruik tijdens herstel .............................................................................................................. 38
Herstel van fosfageensysteem (PC-ATP) .................................................................................................. 38
Herstel van spierglycogeen na continue uitputtende duurbelasting ...................................................... 38
Glycogeen voor, halverwege en na een voetbalwedstrijd .................................................................. 38
Belang van voeding voor glycogeenresynthese................................................................................... 38
Spierglycogeen bij intensieve training en na herstel ........................................................................... 39
Herstel van spierglycogeen na uitputtende interval belasting ................................................................ 39
Fysiologische factoren in relatie tot verschillend in resynthese van spierglycogeen na duur- en
intervalarbeid ................................................................................................................................ 39
Herstel van leverglycogeen ...................................................................................................................... 39
Lactaateliminatie uit de spier en uit het bloed ↑ ................................................................................... 39
Melkzuurverwijdering: verschillende wegen ....................................................................................... 39
Effect van actief herstel en inspanningsintensiteit op lactaateliminatie ............................................ 40
Herstel van de aan myoglobine gekoppelde zuurstof voorraad.............................................................. 40
Besluit: gesuggereerde minimum en maximum hersteltijd na uitputtende belasting ................................ 40
Ergometrie ................................................................................................................................................... 42
Mechanisch geremde fietsergometers .................................................................................................... 42
Elektromagnetisch geremde fietsergometer ........................................................................................... 42
Vliegwielergometrie: verschillende principes.......................................................................................... 42
Voordelen van fietsergometrie ................................................................................................................ 43
!! Meten van het energieverbruik tijdens inspanning ................................................................................. 43
maximale zuurstofopname (VO2-max) .................................................................................................... 43
Calorimetrie = meten van energieverbruik.................................................................................................. 43
Directe calorimetrie ................................................................................................................................. 43
Indirecte calorimetrie = meten van de respiratoire gasuitwisseling ....................................................... 44
Berekening van VO2 en VCO2 ............................................................................................................... 44
Berekening van VO2: transformatie van Haldane ................................................................................ 45
De energiewaarde van zuurstof de respiratoire gasuitwisselingsverhouding R.................................. 46
De energiewaarde voor verschillende voedingsbestanddelen ............................................................ 46
3
, Beperkingen van indirecte calorimetrie .............................................................................................. 47
Metingen van energiemetabolisme met isotopen ...................................................................................... 47
Basaal metabolisme (BM) ............................................................................................................................ 47
De VO2 respons/metabole snelheid tijdens submaximale inspanningen ................................................... 48
Cardio-dynamische fase ........................................................................................................................... 48
Snelle component .................................................................................................................................... 48
Trage component..................................................................................................................................... 49
Metabole equivalent (MET) ......................................................................................................................... 49
Homeostase ................................................................................................................................................. 50
Eigenschappen van het endocriene systeem .............................................................................................. 50
Chemische classificatie van hormonen ........................................................................................................ 50
Werking van steroïde hormonen ............................................................................................................. 50
Werking van niet-steroïde hormonen ..................................................................................................... 51
Prostaglandinen ....................................................................................................................................... 51
!! Controle van hormoonafgifte ................................................................................................................... 51
Hormonale regulatie van inspanning ........................................................................................................... 52
Belangrijke hormonen bij inspanning ...................................................................................................... 52
Niveau in plasmaglucose, insuline en glucagon bij getrainde en ongetrainde proefpersonen tijdens
3u fietsen, p 39 .............................................................................................................................. 53
Belangrijkste hormonen betrokken bij de regulatie van het glucosemetabolisme tijdens inspanning
....................................................................................................................................................... 54
Belangrijkste hormonen betrokken bij de regulatie van het vetmetabolisme tijdens inspanning ..... 54
!! Regulatie van glucose- en vetmetabolisme tijdens inspanning ............................................................... 54
Hormonale effecten op de vloeistof- en elektrolytenbalans tijdens inspanning ........................................ 55
Aldosteron en renine-angiotensinemechanismen .................................................................................. 55
antidiuretisch hormoon ........................................................................................................................... 56
Hormoonactiviteit en vloeistofbalans na inspanning .............................................................................. 56
Regulatie vloeistof- en elektrolytenbalans tijdens inspanning ................................................................ 56
Acute cardiovasculaire aanpassing aan inspanning..................................................................................... 57
Acute cardiovasculaire aanpassing aan inspanning: de hartspier........................................................... 57
Acute cardiovasculaire aanpassing aan inspanning: de hartfrequentie ................................................. 58
hartfrequentie in rust .......................................................................................................................... 58
HF tijdens maximale inspanning: HFmax ............................................................................................. 58
HF tijdens submaximale inspanning: steady state HF ......................................................................... 59
Factoren die de submaximale HF beïnvloeden.................................................................................... 59
Inspanningsintensiteit ↑ HF↑: verklarende factoren ................................................................... 59
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