BIOL 235 MIDTERM 2 PRACTICE TEST EXAM A+ GRADED

BIOL 235 MIDTERM 2 PRACTICE TEST EXAM A+ GRADED between the origin and insertion which is usually located proximally in limbs ? - CORRECT ANSWEROrigin What happens during REVERSE MUSCLE ACTION? - CORRECT ANSWER-specific movements of the body the actions are reversed THEREFOR the positions of the origin and insertion of a muscle are switched What is a mechanical advantage using the example of a lever? - CORRECT ANSWER-if the load is closer to the fulcrum and the effort is farther from the fulcrum only a small about of effort is needed to move the load Bones serve as levers and joints serve as ________ for the lever - CORRECT ANSWER-fulcrum Agonist (Prime Movers) _________ muscles while antagonist ____________ muscles - CORRECT ANSWER-contract, relax What are muscles that contract and stabilize the intermediate joints called? - CORRECT ANSWERsynergists What is a group of skeletal muscles, their blood vessels, and nerves called? - CORRECT ANSWERCompartment Origin an insertion of the masseter - CORRECT ANSWER-Origin = maxilla and zygomatic arch Insertion = angle and ramus of the mandible What is the origin of the deltoid ? - CORRECT ANSWER-acromial extremity of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula What are the 3 muscles that make up the hamstring ? - CORRECT ANSWER-semimebranosous, semitendinosus, biceps femoris What 4 muscles make up the Quads ? - CORRECT ANSWER-rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedialis What do you call a small mass of nervous tissue that is made up primarily of neuron cell bodies? - CORRECT ANSWER-Ganglia The somatic nervous system only sends impulses to ________ muscles - CORRECT ANSWER-skeletal Fight or Flight is associated with which division of the autonomic nervous system? - CORRECT ANSWERSympathetic What is the ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it into an action potential? - CORRECT ANSWERelectrical excitability What type of neurons usually have several dendrite and on axon , and are norm ally found in brain and spinal cord as well as motor neurons? - CORRECT ANSWER-Multipolar What type of neurons have one main dendrite and one axon as well as are primarily found in the retina of the eye, inner ear, and the olfactory area of brain? - CORRECT ANSWER-Bipolar What type of neurons has dendrites and one axon that are fused together to form a continuous process that emerges from the cell body? - CORRECT ANSWER-Unipolar or Pseudounipolar The processes of ________ make contact with blood capillaries, neurons, and the pia mater - CORRECT ANSWER-astrocytes What neuroglia has these functions? 1. contain microfilaments that give them strength and allow them to support neurons 2. contributes to the effectiveness of BBB embyro, they secret chemicals that regulate things 4. help maintain an appropriate chemical environment for nerve impulse generation 5. play a role in hearing and memory - CORRECT ANSWER-Astrocytes What neuroglia resemble astrocytes but are smaller and contain fewer processes as well as are responsible fro forming nd maintiang myelin sheath? - CORRECT ANSWER-Oligodendrocytes What neuroglia are small cells with slender processes that give them a spine like projections as well as act as phagocytes? - CORRECT ANSWER-Microglial Cells What type of neurglia cells are cuboidal and columanr arranged in a single layer that possess microvilli and cilia? they produce and possibly monitor and assist in the circulation of CSF - CORRECT ANSWEREpendymal Cells What are the 2 types of neuroglia in the PNS? - CORRECT ANSWER-Schwann and satellite cells What type of motor neuron directly supplies skeletal muscle fibers? - CORRECT ANSWER-lower motor neurons What do all of these factors contribute to? 1. unequal distribution of ions in the ECF and cytosol 2. inability of most anions to leave the cells 3. electrogenic nature of the sodium potassium ATPases - CORRECT ANSWER-Resting membrane potential Hyperpolarized cells are _______ negative inside ? - CORRECT ANSWER-More What mode of travel by which graded potentials die out as they spread along the membrane ? - CORRECT ANSWER-decremental conduction What kind of ion channels are found in nearly all cells, including dendrites, cell bodies, and axons of all types of neurons? - CORRECT ANSWER-Leak channels What kind of ion channel can be found in pain receptors? - CORRECT ANSWER-mechanically-gated channels What refractory period causes voltage gated sodium channel activation gates are open as well as the voltage gated potassium channels are opening and then sodium channels are inactivating? - CORRECT ANSWER-absolute refractory period Sodium channels are ______ and potassium channels are ________ during the relative refractory period ? - CORRECT ANSWER-closed, open What do we classify based on amount of myelination, diameters, and propagation speeds? - CORRECT ANSWER-Nerve fibers What is the largest nerve fiber? - CORRECT ANSWER-A fibers What do you call a synapse that goes from an axon to cell body? - CORRECT ANSWER-axosomatic What do you call a synapse between 2 axons? - CORRECT ANSWER-axoaxonic Synchronization and faster communications are advantages of what? - CORRECT ANSWER-electrical synapses Voltage gated channels are located on which synaptic neuron? - CORRECT ANSWER-the presynaptic neuron An ISPS is a __________________potential - CORRECT ANSWER-hyperpoalrizing What kind of receptor contain a NT binding site and an ion channel from the same protein? - CORRECT ANSWER-Ionotropic receptor What are the 2 types of neurotransmitters? - CORRECT ANSWER-small-molecule NT & neuropeptide after an injury to a process of a normal peripheral neuron the nissel bodies break down into fine granular masses, what is this called? - CORRECT ANSWER-chromatolysis The _____________________ is the space between the dura mater and the wall of the vertebral canal - CORRECT ANSWER-epidural space What are the sub layers of the meninges? - CORRECT ANSWER-subdural space and subarachnoid space What part of the spinal cord contains somatic motor nuclei which provide nerve impulses for contraction of skeletal muscles? - CORRECT ANSWER-the anterior (ventral) gray horns Which gray horns contain autonomic motor nuclei which regulate activity of cardiac and smooth muscle as well as glands? - CORRECT ANSWER-the lateral gray horns Dermatomes are areas of skin that provide sensory input to the CNS via the posterior roots of one pair of spinal nerves via the __________ nerve. - CORRECT ANSWER-trigeminal (V) direct motor pathways cause _________ movements - CORRECT ANSWER-voluntary What are the 5 parts of a reflex arc? - CORRECT ANSWER-1. sensory receptor 2. sensory neruon 3. integrating center 4. motor neuron 5. effecto