100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Previously searched by you
Previously searched by you
logo
MN 552 QUIZ, MIDTERM EXAM AND FINAL EXAM $13.49
Add to cart
Quickly navigate to
Preview
  2.  
  3. Kaplan University
  4.  
  5. MN 552

Exam (elaborations)

MN 552 QUIZ, MIDTERM EXAM AND FINAL EXAM

1 review
 1 purchase

What is Modified Release? - The term modified-release is used to describe dosage forms that alter the timing and/or the rate of release of a conventional drug product/dosage form - FDA does define this Some Modified Release Systems - - some of these have overlap 1. Delayed release 2. Repeate...

[Show more]

Preview 4 out of 56  pages

Document information

  • November 21, 2023
  • 56
  • 2023/2024
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

Subjects

  • mn 552
  • mn 552 quiz midterm exam and final exam

Written for

All documents for this subject (13)

1  review

review-writer-avatar

By: 2chierodgar • 1 year ago

Seller

avatar-seller
Bestzone

Reviews received

Content preview

MN 552 QUIZ, MIDTERM EXAM AND FINAL EXAM What is Modified Release? - The term modified -release is used to describe dosage forms that alter the timing and/or the rate of release of a conventional drug product/dosage form - FDA does define this Some Modified Release Systems - - some of these have overlap 1. Delayed release 2. Repeated Release or Repeat Action 4. Extended, Sustained, Long -Acting, Prolonged, Controlled Release 5. Targeted Release Delayed -release - - dosage forms release the drug at a later time than an immediate dose system - Delayed -release can include enteric -coated tablets, where timed release is achieved by a barrier coating - takes more time to release drug; doesn't start dissolving until a certain point of time Repeat -release - - multiple doses of immediate release drug units with intermittent dosing - Such as repeat -action tablets and capsules Extended, Sustained, Long -Acting, Prolonged, Controlled Release - - Extended, Sustained -release systems slowly release the drug over an extended period of time - Rate and duration are not always designed to a particular profile - If the system can maintain predictable levels of drug in the target tissue or cells, it is considered controlled - release. (Examples: XL,SR,CR) - Controlled release systems are also called extended or sustained (prolonged) release - dissolves and continues dissolving for a longer time Targeted Release - - Site-specific or targeting refers to concentrated drug release at a certain site such as a tissue, organ, receptor, or cell - A form of controlled release - very difficult to achieve - trying to control distribution of drug to target area What is Controlled Release? - - Controlled Drug Delivery attempts to deliver the precise amount of a therapeutic agent (drug), to a specific site (site of action), for a specific time (duraterm -5tion of treatment) - OR Achieve both spatial (targeted) and/or temporal "control" of the drug - a lot of prediction involved, very precise, and targeted - The Drug Delivery System attempts to control the drug concentration at the target tissue Disadvantages of Conventional Delivery - - Inconvenient because pt can forget to take dose - Difficult to monitor - Overdosing possible - Large amounts of drug can be "lost" when it does not get to the target organ because has to distribute to the whole body - Drug goes to non -target cells and can cause damage - Expensive (using more drug than necessary) The Goal of Modified Drug Delivery - To Alter and Control - Absorption - Distribution - includes Cellular Uptake - Metabolism (reduce it so more drug available) - Elimination (reduce how fast eliminated to prolong effect of drug) - Toxicity (reduce it) What is Sustained Drug Action? - - ideal dosage form - pt only has to take one time rather than multiple times - minimize side effects by delivering API to site of action (target receptors, cells, tissues, or area in the body) - re-patenting without new drug development. Improving Patient Compliance - Minimize Plasma fluctuation - Plasma Concentration vs Time - Sustained Release: takes longer to be absorbed and in therapeutic range for longer but eventually eliminated - Controlled: absorbed quickly and in therapeutic range for as long as necessary - the more times you have take a medication day, the lower pt compliance Tries to Achieve: Site Specific Drug Delivery - Reduction of side effects - Anticancer drugs --> Cytosine arabinoside - Dpocyt® - Anti-fertility Agents - Anti-inflammatory drugs Site Specific Drug Action or Drug Targeting - - Targeting or Spatial Delivery - exclusive drug delivery to specific organ, tissues, or cell types - Still in development and difficult - Designed to be directed to a specific organ, tissues, cell or cell compartment - Targets include surface or compartment cell markers, proteins or even nucleic acids - can locally put the drug through patches Routes of Administration - a. Parenteral - Refers to injections and IV - Fast Absorption - No First pass - Painful - Inconvenient b. Transdermal - Easy access - Large surface area - Avoid first pass metabolism - Avoid GI incompatibility of drugs - Good patient compliance - Slow absorption - Transport across skin can be a challenge - Need lipophilic - Low MW drugs c. Ocular - Localized delivery for eye disorders - Good absorption for many drugs - Bypasses certain clearance routes - Problems with loss of drug in tears d. Nasal - Easy administration - Local delivery of drugs - Rapid absorption - Can bypasses certain clearance routes e. Pulmonary - Rapid absorption - Large surface area for absorption - Local delivery of drugs - Can bypasses certain clearance routes when delivered systemically - Particle size determines anatomic placement in respiratory tract - Some drug may be swallowed f. Buccal or Sublingual - No first pass, Thin mucous membrane with a rich blood supply, Good absorption, Mild pH ~6.0, Drug must be potent, Can be swallowed. g. Rectal - Less worries about pH changes or enzymatic degradation as in oral, Good for patients who cannot swallow, Good for Local delivery of drug, Limited systemic absorption, Discomfort. h. Oral -Most common route, Easy to formulate and manufacture, Patient compliance is generally good, Inexpensive dosage form, Tricky due to environment of GI tract because of: First pass, pH degradation, Enzymatic degradation, Intestinal motility - affects residence time, Single patient and patient -to-patient variations, Absorption limitations in stomach. Stents, Implants, Inserts - a. Stents - XIENCE PRIMETM coronary artery disease b. Implants - dental c. Inserts - NuvaRing ® IUD Contraceptive Variables to Consider - includes examples of controlled/sustained oral drug delivery systems because historically, the oral route of administration has been used the most for both conventional and novel drug delivery systems - The types of release systems employed for oral administration include virtually every currently known theoretical mechanism Variables to Consider when designing an Oral Modified/Sustained Drug Delivery System - a. Physiochemical & Drug Properties pKa, Solubility, Log P, Permeability, Stability, Dose size b. Biological - Half-Life (time for 50% of drug to be eliminated) - GI Environment: Absorption, Metabolism, Target site c. Others - Route of delivery - Disease state -acute vs. chronic Physiochemical and Drug Properties Variables to Consider - - pKa, Solubility: Must now also consider delivery system *> 0.01mg/mL Lower Limit* (pH 1 -7.8) - Log P: Must now also consider delivery/carrier system --> if drug is sticks to carrier, it won't release as well - Stability: Drugs that are unstable in the small intestine may have decreased bioavailability in sustained release forms - metabolism increases if enzymes not saturated - Dose size: 1 gram oral, I.M. 2mL --> most people don't like to swallow bigger tablets If a drug must be taken 3 times daily and 325 mg per dose is required, what is the estimated sustained/controlled dose if the Duration of Action needed is 24 hours? - 3 * 325mg = 975 mg (the total dosage size is small enough, under 1 g) Biological Variables to Consider - - short half -life is ideal because

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Bestzone. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $13.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

68175 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 15 years now

Start selling
$13.49  1x  sold
  • (1)
Add to cart
Added