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Unit 3 Ac1.2
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1.2SURVEILLANCE
- Covert surveillance includes the use of bugs, which are used to secretly listen in.
- tracking devices which are often placed on vehicles, video surveillance along with
something called taps,
- this is essentially hacking into people’s private communications such as phone calls
and emails.
- Sometimes the police forces use undercover agents which can be referred to as
covert human intelligence.
- This is when undercover officers, use a false identity to get close to the suspect to try
and uncover information that is of use to the case.
- The aim of these measures is to ensure the suspected offender is unaware that they
are being watched or investigated.
- This investigative technique is effective in tracking suspects and gaining knowledge in
helping prevent future crimes.
- When there is a high profile, complicated cases, this is effective in finding evidence
while they are off guard, for example, cases such as terrorism and organised crimes.
- This technique also provides a more in-depth image of the measures it took to
organise and who is involved.
- However, while it has its benefits there are also many reasons as to why it has its
downfall.
- Officers can’t just go ahead and invade one’s privacy, they must be provided with a
warrant from the judge.
- In some cases, the judge may not grant their request as they may disagree and think
it is not pivotal for the investigation.
- Depending on the suspect and the suspicions raised, by using any process which
discreetly invades their rights, it may impose questions on one’s civil liberties.
- Not only are there ethical issues but it may be hard to find officers suitable for the
role.
- Covert surveillances require highly trained officers and inflicts added stresses for the
officer’s undercover while also putting themselves at severe risk.
- Depending on the circumstances officers may want to take part in some form of
therapy depending on their experience.
- A time where undercover agents were incorrect was in the Colin Stagg case.
- Stagg was arrested for the murder of Rachel Nickell in 1992.
- The murder took place at Wimbledon common.
- A picture was released of a character profile and Stagg showed lots of resemblant to
this picture.
- However, there was no evidence found linked to him.
- Due to his similar appearance, the police used a ‘honey-trap’.
- A female officer went by the name of Lizzie who pretended to want to get to know
Stagg in order so she could try get him to admit and get evidence she could use
against him.
- However even with her persistent pushing, he remained his innocence.
, 1.2
- Eventually the judge said the trap had been misconceived and that the police
needed finding the offender that they tried to incriminate a man with
- positive and deceptive conduct.
- Any evidence they thought they had was ruled as inadmissible.
- Due to the lack of ethicality £700,000 compensation.
- CCTV is the initial route of evidence officers will turn to if a crime has taken place.
- CCTV is scattered everywhere, in the streets imposed by councils and private
companies to protect stores or buildings.
- CCTV has more advantages than disadvantages.
- When CCTV evidence has been found, there is no argument that can disagree
- with the fact that you were there.
- CCTV is beneficial for police officers as it runs 24/7 on its own, they don’t need to
hire people to be present.
- CCTV is beneficial specifically in missing people cases, as they can track their moves
to predict where they could end up, often geographical profilers end up of use.
- Within 15 years, in North Devon, CCTV has been Of crucial help with locating 800
missing people.
- CCTV also acts as a deterrent as criminals are aware they are being watched and
don’t want to get caught.
- However, there are times when CCTV isn’t of great use.
- Depending on the situation, one’s appearance in a CCTV tape can infact be argued, it
is purely circumstantial evidence unless they see the crime being committed on
camera.
- Someone may be in the area for other reasons other than committing crime.
- CCTV also isn’t enough conclusive evidence for someone to be charged or convicted.
- People can be easily mistaken due to the low-quality tapes.
- People argue that it is an invasion of privacy as not everyone are doing thing they
shouldn’t be doing.
- During the 2011 riots, the police looked through more than 200,000 hours of CCTV
to find the culprits.
- CCTV allowed the police to find registration number plates and the make of the car
that was driven to run down two police officers.
- CCTV footage enabled the police to catch 5,000 offenders, this was very time
consuming taking more than 5 months due to the large amount of 8,000 surveillance
cameras.
- A survey found that 1/3 of people were in favour of cctv imposed in public places
which increased the riots.
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