Sociology Chapter 12 - Questions and Answers

Sociology Chapter 12 - Questions and Answers Sherona is very good at standardized tests and frequently scores very high. She has poor work habits and often turns in her assignments late. Teachers overlook her late assignments because they view her as a "good" student. This is an example of __________. Labeling Luis has a bad day and scores poorly on an exam. The teacher views him as lazy and unintelligent and pays only negative attention to him, if any. Luis loses interest in school and stops reading and doing homework. He ultimately fails. Symbolic interactionists would term this situation __________. a self-fulfilling prophecy According to symbolic interactionists, the process of labeling is directly related to_______________. the relative power and status of those who do the labeling and those being labeled __________ are most likely to view grades, written comments on assignments, and evaluations of behavior in classes as contributing to labeling. Symbolic interactionists Symbolic interactionists are most likely to view grades, written comments on assignments, and evaluations of behavior in classes as contributing to __________. labeling individual students The term __________ refers to an unsubstantiated belief or prediction resulting in behavior that makes the originally false belief come true. self-fulfilling prophecy A classic form of labeling and the self-fulfilling prophecy occurs through the use of __________ tests, which claim to measure a person's inherent intelligence, apart from any family or school influences on the individual. Intelligence Based on the results of an IQ test, a teacher believes that some students of color are less capable of learning and treats them accordingly. This may contribute to __________. the labeling process In regards to unequal funding as a source of unequal education, the text notes that____________________. most educational funds are derived from state and local taxes Status dropout rates are a measure of __________. the percentage of people in an age group who are not enrolled in school and have not earned a high school degree or its equivalent Ethnic and class differences are significant in dropout rates. For example, with a dropout rate of 13 percent, __________ have the highest dropout rate of any racial/ethnic group in U.S. schools. Latinos/as (Hispanics) In many areas of the United States, schools remain racially segregated or have become resegregated after earlier attempts at integration failed. In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in __________ that "separate but equal" segregated schools are unconstitutional because they are inherently unequal. Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas Today, about __________ of U.S. undergraduates are educated in community colleges. 50 percent Sociologists use the term __________ for a system of sacred or supernatural beliefs, symbols, and rituals that guides human behavior, gives meaning to life, and unites believers into a community. Religion Emile Durkheim used the term __________ to refer to things that inspire reverence and a deep sense of awe and respect that beyond the ordinary. Sacred Across cultures and in different eras, many things have been considered __________, including invisible gods, spirits, specific animals or trees, altars, crosses, holy books, and special words or songs that only the initiated could speak or sing Sacred The term __________ refers to the everyday, secular, or "worldly" aspects of life. Secular beliefs have their foundation in scientific knowledge or everyday explanations. Profane Clifford Geertz notes that religion is___________________________. a set of cultural symbols that elicit powerful moods and motivations and that give meaning to people's behavior Muslim periodic prayer while bowing toward Mecca and the Christian celebration of communion are examples of events that Geertz and others would term __________. Rituals Anthropologists believe that human groups have had some form of religion for some __________ years