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Summary - Introduction to methodology and statistics
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A concise but comprehensive summary of the subject of methodology and statistics, summarized from the lectures and book
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SAMENVATTING METHODOLOGIE EN STATISTIEKHOOFDSTUK 1| Introduction to research
Research is part of the modern life: a way to gather information and make a sound decision
or judgement or develop new knowledge.
Most of the research done by professionals in HPER (health, physical education, and
recreation) is application- oriented simply because our disciplines evolved from a host of
traditional, longstanding academic fields. Sport psychology is derived from psychology;
exercise physiology from biology, chemistry, and physiology; and kinesiology from anatomy
and physics.
Scientific method: The time-honored procedure used by scientist and most researchers to
solve problems or discover new knowledge.
- State the problem
- State a testable or measurable hypothesis
- Plan the methods to be used in carrying out the study
Inductive and deductive:
Inductive reasoning is based on making a conclusion or generalization based on a limited
number of observations. One can readily understand why researchers prefer to have a
reasonable number of subjects in a study (the conclusion reached is more likely to be true).
The formation of theory from fact is also based on inductive reasoning.
Deductive reasoning is the reverse. It proceeds from the general to the specific. The
application of research is also based on deductive reasoning (we assume or deduce that
what occurred in a sample of subjects in a study may also occur in other people similar to
the subjects.
Basic research: deals with theoretical concepts and has no immediate concern with
application (conducted primarily for the sake of knowledge alone).
Applied research: is done with a specific question or application in mind
Field research: is done outside the tightly controlled environment of the laboratory.
Laboratory research: is conducted under a more ‘sterile’ condition, which allows researchers
to exert tighter control over an experiment.
Internal validity: soundness or overall quality of research. Good research deals with all
factors that allow a research question to be soundly tested.
Laboratory research generally is characterized by higher internal validity than field
research because of the relatively tight controls that may be placed on a study.
,External validity: deals with the potential application of the results of a study, or its
generalizability.
Field research often allows greater potential for application than laboratory research
because it’s conducted in an environment more likely to be similar to conditions outside the
experiment.
Independent variables: one that is manipulated or controlled by the researcher.
Dependent variables: is the behavior that is measured to determine whether it is affected by
the independent variable.
BRIEF SUMMARY:
Training in research has been a hallmark of graduate education for many years. It is
considered a key trait of a professional with advanced training because it encourages work
that is logical, analytical and competent and produces a person who is likely to read and
understand one’s professional work. Although not al HPER professionals actually conduct
research, all of us should view ourselves as consumers of research.
The scientific method is an orderly and logical means of addressing problems and
answering questions. Consequently, it is a practical tool. Unscientific methods, such as
tradition, superstition, trial and error, and mimicking the champions are illogical and less
useful.
Research, though sound and useful, isn’t easy to do. It requires a high degree of
open-mindedness, specific knowledge in a field, intellectual curiosity, perseverance
(doorzettingsvermogen) and honesty.
HOOFDSTUK 2| Ethics in human subject research
The Belmont Report is one of the keystone documents for research ethics. Ethics in research
on human subjects is a serious matter that requires out attention.
, Institutional Review Board (IRB): a panel of research experts that pass judgement on the
quality and safety of studies before they can be conducted. It serves primarily as a means of
protecting the rights of subjects and is an important research quality control measure. The
IRB also protects researchers and the institution.
Informed consent is one of the subject’s most important rights.
Elements of an informed consent document:
Background and invitation to participate
- Explanation of procedures
- Potential risks and discomforts
- Potential benefits (to subject or society)
- Rights of inquiry and withdrawal
- Signatures of subject and witness
The investigator is entity that is primarily responsible for the ethical treatment of
research subjects.
BRIEF SUMMARY:
Many boards, agencies and codes exist to protect human research subjects. Among the
ethical research rights are informed consent, confidentiality, anonymity, privacy, safe and
competent treatment and knowledge of results. Even though there are many external
sources for the protection of subjects, the investigator is the individual directly responsible
for providing professional and ethical treatment of research participants.
Summary of human subject research rights:
Informed Consent
- Confidentiality
- Anonymity
- No invasion of privacy
- Safe and competent treatment
- Knowledge of results
HOOFDSTUK 3 | Information retrieval
Before beginning to write a research proposal, you should do some general and specific
reading to develop a general state of knowledge of the topic. This knowledge should include
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