BLST 102 Study guide Questions and Answers 2023

BLST 102 Study guide Questions and Answers 2023 13th Amendment Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Outlawed slavery- gave rise to Jim Crow Laws (codifying racial segregation). 14th Amendment Passed by congress on June 13, 1866 during Reconstruction... No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law"- granted citizenship and equal protection under the law. (FORMER SLAVES AFTER THE CIVIL WAR SEEKING FREEDOM) 15th Amendment 1870, prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." [In response, States employed grandfather clauses and eligibility requirements to vote] Reconstruction (), Union victory in Civil War in 1865, led to freedom of slaves! President Andrew Johnson allowed for the South to govern themselves, created the "black codes", which restricted freed blacks' activity and ensure their time for laboring force. At the end of reconstruction, blacks had seats in Congress etc. Ku Klux Klan After 1867, southern whites turned to violence, white supremacist organizations targeting anyone who opposed their beliefs. Lynchings "Shotgun Policy" Disenfranchisement Beginning in 1890, 25 years after the end of the Civil War, former Confederate states enacted amendments to their constitutions to deny the right of the African Americans to vote. EX: poll taxes, literacy tests, prove residency Mississippi Law 8-Box Law The Eight Box Law in 1882 was passed in South Carolina it was a primitive literacy test the required voters to deposit separate ballots for separate election races in the proper ballot box. Illiterate votes could not identify the boxes unless white election officials assisted them. (Kept blacks from voting). Grandfather Clause Enacted by seven Southern states between 1895 and 1910 to deny suffrage to African Americans. It provided that those who had enjoyed the right to vote prior to 1866 or 1867, or their lineal descendants, would be exempt from educational, property, or tax requirements for voting. Sharecropping Black families would rent small plots of land in return for a portion of their crop, to be given to the landowner at the end of each year. As one of the first acts of Reconstruction, President Andrew Johnson ordered all land under federal control to be returned to its previous owners in the summer of 1865. By early 1870s, it dominated agriculture across the cotton-planting South. Forced by poverty or the threat of violence to sign unfair and exploitative sharecropping or labor contracts that left them little hope of improving their situation. Social Darwinism Jim Crow Named after a popular 19th-century minstrel song that stereotyped African Americans, "Jim Crow" came to personify the system of government-sanctioned racial oppression and segregation in the United States. Pro-segregation politicians gave eloquent speeches on the great danger of integration: the mongrelization of the white race. Never assert or even intimate that a white person is lying. Never impute dishonorable intentions to a white person. Never suggest that a white person is from an inferior class. Never lay claim to, or overly demonstrate, superior knowledge or intelligence. Never curse a white person. Never laugh derisively at a white person. Never comment upon the appearance of a white female. (Jim Crow laws touched every aspect of everyday life). Segregation TX "Democratic" Primary Plessy vs. Ferguson Unfortunately for blacks, the Supreme Court helped undermine the Constitutional protections of blacks with the infamous Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) case, which legitimized Jim Crow laws and the Jim Crow way of life. In Plessy, the Supreme Court stated that so long as state governments provided legal process and legal freedoms for blacks, equal to those of whites, they could maintain separate institutions to facilitate these rights. NAACP Founded Feb. 12. 1909. Formed in response to lynching practices and riot in Springfield, Illinois (Lincoln hometown). A group of white liberals that included Mary White Ovington and Oswald Garrison Villard. Echoing the focus of Du Bois' Niagara Movement began in 1905, the NAACP's stated goal was to secure for all people the rights guaranteed in the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the United States Constitution. The NAACP seeks to remove all barriers of racial discrimination through the democratic processes. Du Bois founded The Crisis magazine as the premier crusading voice for civil rights. - president, Moorfield Storey, a white constitutional lawyer. The only African American among the organization's executives, Du Bois-magazine director. Hampton Institute Model Institute was founded in 1868 by General Samuel Armstrong. He was interested in moral training and a practical, industrial education for southern blacks. Wasington become a teacher there and then was recommended to head the Tuskegee Institute. Booker T Washington Born a slave in Virginia, given administrative responsibilities at the Hampton school and in 1881, he transferred to Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, founded it. Booker T. Washington's projects, and schools that followed his principles, were funded by wealthy, white, northern donors including John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Anna T. Jeanes, and Julius Rosenwald. They approved his approach of not directly confronting racial inequality but "uplifting the people" through education. Washington became known as an apostle of accommodation and, until his death in 1915, was the undoubted spokesman of black Americans. Even before his death, however, his ideas had come under challenge. Great Migration Southern blacks were forced to make their living working the land as part of the sharecropping system, which offered little in the way of economic opportunity, especially after a boll weevil epidemic in 1898 caused massive crop damage across the South. KKK violence and lynchings. Relocation of more than 6 million African Americans from the rural South to the cities of the North, Midwest and West from 1916 to 1970, had a huge impact on urban life in the United States. WWI factory jobs. As Chicago, New York and other cities saw their black populations expand exponentially, migrants were forced to deal with poor working conditions and competition for living space, as well as widespread racism and prejudice. many blacks ended up creating their own cities within big cities, fostering the growth of a new urban African-American culture. EX: Harlem in NYC. Birth of A Nation D. W. Griffith's inflammatory Birth of a Nation, a motion picture that perpetuated demeaning stereotypes of African Americans and glorified the Ku Klux Klan. W.E.B Dubois He co-founded the NAACP and supported Pan-Africanism, envision a unified African nation where all people of the African diaspora can live. Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1895. W.E.B. Du Bois rose to national prominence when he very publicly opposed Booker T. Washington's "Atlanta Compromise," an agreement that asserted that vocational education for blacks was more valuable to them than social advantages like higher education or political office. "The Talented Tenth" term that designated a leadership class of African Americans in the early 20th century. The term was created by Northern philanthropists, then publicized by W. E. B. Du Bois in an influential essay of the same name, which he published in September 1903. James Weldon Johnson Born on June 17, 1871, in Jacksonville, Florida, James Weldon Johnson was a civil rights activist, writer, composer, politician, educator and lawyer, as well as one of the leading figures in the creation and development of the Harlem Renaissance. in 1914, Johnson became involved with the NAACP, and by 1920, was serving as chief executive of the organization.