Ik verkoop mijn samenvatting van het vak 'Wijsbegeerte van het wetenschappelijke denken', gedoceerd door Gustaaf Cornelis tijdens het 1e bachelor jaar Criminologie aan de Vrije Universiteit Brussel. Met deze samenvatting ben ik makkelijk in eerste zit geslaagd (17/20!).
Inhoud
Reductie..................................................................................................................................................6
Reductie..............................................................................................................................................6
Etymologie is reductie........................................................................................................................6
Thales.................................................................................................................................................6
Pythagoras (570 vbj. / 500 vbj.)..........................................................................................................7
Toepassingen (reductie)..................................................................................................................8
Principe van voldoende reden................................................................................................................8
Anaximanders redenering..................................................................................................................8
Verder uitgewerk............................................................................................................................8
De archè volgens Anaximander..........................................................................................................9
Redenen, maar geen oorzaken...........................................................................................................9
Kritiek van Hume................................................................................................................................9
Toepassing....................................................................................................................................10
Analogie................................................................................................................................................11
Lucht.................................................................................................................................................11
Empedokles (495 vbj. / 435 vbj. ).....................................................................................................11
Xenophanes (580 vbj. / 485 vbj.)......................................................................................................11
Toepassing....................................................................................................................................12
De wet van de niet-contradictie............................................................................................................12
“Alles wat is, is en kan nooit niet zijn.”..............................................................................................12
Wording is uitgesloten......................................................................................................................13
Herakleitos ( , Efeze)..........................................................................................................14
Wet van Leibniz................................................................................................................................14
Toepassingen:...............................................................................................................................15
Tegenfeitelijke paradoxen.....................................................................................................................15
Paradox.............................................................................................................................................15
Voorbeelden van paradoxen.............................................................................................................15
Reductio ad absurdum..........................................................................................................................16
Structuur...........................................................................................................................................16
Socrates............................................................................................................................................17
Toepassing....................................................................................................................................17
Antilogie...............................................................................................................................................18
Leren argumenteren.........................................................................................................................18
Dilemma...............................................................................................................................................19
1
, “Euthyphro”......................................................................................................................................19
Structuur van het dilemma...............................................................................................................19
John Stuart Mill (1806 – 1873)..........................................................................................................20
Dilemma van Mill..............................................................................................................................20
Toepassingen................................................................................................................................21
Maieutiek.............................................................................................................................................22
Socratisch gesprek............................................................................................................................22
Toepassingen................................................................................................................................22
Allegorie...............................................................................................................................................23
Grot van Plato...................................................................................................................................23
Boodschappen..................................................................................................................................24
Epistemologie...................................................................................................................................24
Toepassing....................................................................................................................................24
Essentie................................................................................................................................................25
Het Lyceum (Athene).......................................................................................................................25
Essentie en accidenten.....................................................................................................................25
Alles heeft een doel..........................................................................................................................26
Jean – Paul Sartre (1905 – 1980)......................................................................................................26
Toepassingen................................................................................................................................26
Principe van de alternatieve mogelijkheden.........................................................................................27
Verantwoordelijkheid.......................................................................................................................27
Toepassingen................................................................................................................................27
Taxonomische methode........................................................................................................................28
Logische paradoxen..............................................................................................................................28
Paradoxen.........................................................................................................................................28
Leugenaarsparadox...........................................................................................................................28
Sorites-paradox.................................................................................................................................28
De gehoorde man.............................................................................................................................29
Paradox van Russell..........................................................................................................................29
Toepassingen................................................................................................................................29
Sceptici.................................................................................................................................................30
Oordeelopschorting (epochè)...............................................................................................................30
Epochè..............................................................................................................................................30
Epicurus (341 vbj. / 370 vbj.)............................................................................................................30
Impliciet deel....................................................................................................................................31
Zeno van Kition (335 vbj. / 262 vbj.).................................................................................................31
2
,Regressus ad infinitum.........................................................................................................................31
Justificatie van premissen.................................................................................................................32
Principe van het trilemma................................................................................................................32
Uitwegen:.........................................................................................................................................32
Problemen........................................................................................................................................33
Toepassingen................................................................................................................................34
Axomatische methode:.........................................................................................................................34
Nieuwe aanpak: de elementen.........................................................................................................34
Oneindig aantal priemgetallen.........................................................................................................35
Semiformeel.....................................................................................................................................35
Axiomatische methode.....................................................................................................................35
Aanpak..............................................................................................................................................36
Definities (Euklides)..........................................................................................................................36
Axioma’s Euklides.............................................................................................................................37
Postulaten Euklides...........................................................................................................................37
IV en V..............................................................................................................................................37
Formulering V...................................................................................................................................37
Een 2000 jaar oud vraagstuk.............................................................................................................37
Oplossing..........................................................................................................................................38
V-Varianten.......................................................................................................................................38
Aanpassing theorema’s.....................................................................................................................38
Axiomatisering = reductie.................................................................................................................38
Ware meetkunde?............................................................................................................................39
Principa Mathematica.......................................................................................................................39
Gödel................................................................................................................................................40
Problemen met Spinoza....................................................................................................................40
Toepassingen:...................................................................................................................................41
Twijel, poëzie en mystiek......................................................................................................................41
Grillige levenswandel........................................................................................................................41
Constructieve twijfel.........................................................................................................................42
René Descartes (1596-1650) : ‘methodische twijfel’........................................................................42
Poëzie en filosofie.............................................................................................................................42
Poëzie, filosofie en mystiek...............................................................................................................43
Filosofie VS mystiek..........................................................................................................................43
Het onuitspreekbare.........................................................................................................................44
Toepassing (twijfel).......................................................................................................................44
3
, Toepassing (poëzie).......................................................................................................................44
Toepassing (mystiek).....................................................................................................................45
Linguïsme.............................................................................................................................................45
De divisione naturae.........................................................................................................................45
Pantheïsme.......................................................................................................................................46
Spinoza.............................................................................................................................................46
Spilfiguur..........................................................................................................................................47
Linguïsme..........................................................................................................................................47
Parallelisme......................................................................................................................................47
Toepassingen:...............................................................................................................................48
Leer van de dubbele weg......................................................................................................................48
‘Volgelingen’.....................................................................................................................................48
Leer van de dubbele weg..................................................................................................................49
Toepassingen................................................................................................................................49
Scholastische methode.........................................................................................................................49
Universalënstrijd...............................................................................................................................49
Scholastische methoden...................................................................................................................50
Summa Theologiae (1265)................................................................................................................51
“philosophia ancilla theologiae”.......................................................................................................51
Toepassingen................................................................................................................................51
Het scheermes......................................................................................................................................52
Universalënstrijd...............................................................................................................................52
Scheermes........................................................................................................................................53
Betekenis..........................................................................................................................................53
Zelf geen metafysische uitspraak......................................................................................................53
Het scheermes als onzindetector.....................................................................................................53
Het bestaan van God........................................................................................................................53
Toepassing....................................................................................................................................54
Utopie...................................................................................................................................................54
‘Utopia’.............................................................................................................................................54
De Optimo Reipublicae Statu deque Nova Insula Utopia (1516).......................................................54
Humanisme......................................................................................................................................55
Utopiën als ficties over de toekomst................................................................................................55
Toepassingen................................................................................................................................55
Essays & aforismen...............................................................................................................................55
Filosoof en politicus..........................................................................................................................56
4
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller axellebillooye. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $5.16. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
