Ik verkoop mijn samenvatting van het vak 'Wijsbegeerte van het wetenschappelijke denken', gedoceerd door Gustaaf Cornelis tijdens het 1e bachelor jaar Criminologie aan de Vrije Universiteit Brussel. Met deze samenvatting ben ik makkelijk in eerste zit geslaagd (17/20!).
Inhoud
Reductie..................................................................................................................................................6
Reductie..............................................................................................................................................6
Etymologie is reductie........................................................................................................................6
Thales.................................................................................................................................................6
Pythagoras (570 vbj. / 500 vbj.)..........................................................................................................7
Toepassingen (reductie)..................................................................................................................8
Principe van voldoende reden................................................................................................................8
Anaximanders redenering..................................................................................................................8
Verder uitgewerk............................................................................................................................8
De archè volgens Anaximander..........................................................................................................9
Redenen, maar geen oorzaken...........................................................................................................9
Kritiek van Hume................................................................................................................................9
Toepassing....................................................................................................................................10
Analogie................................................................................................................................................11
Lucht.................................................................................................................................................11
Empedokles (495 vbj. / 435 vbj. ).....................................................................................................11
Xenophanes (580 vbj. / 485 vbj.)......................................................................................................11
Toepassing....................................................................................................................................12
De wet van de niet-contradictie............................................................................................................12
“Alles wat is, is en kan nooit niet zijn.”..............................................................................................12
Wording is uitgesloten......................................................................................................................13
Herakleitos ( , Efeze)..........................................................................................................14
Wet van Leibniz................................................................................................................................14
Toepassingen:...............................................................................................................................15
Tegenfeitelijke paradoxen.....................................................................................................................15
Paradox.............................................................................................................................................15
Voorbeelden van paradoxen.............................................................................................................15
Reductio ad absurdum..........................................................................................................................16
Structuur...........................................................................................................................................16
Socrates............................................................................................................................................17
Toepassing....................................................................................................................................17
Antilogie...............................................................................................................................................18
Leren argumenteren.........................................................................................................................18
Dilemma...............................................................................................................................................19
1
, “Euthyphro”......................................................................................................................................19
Structuur van het dilemma...............................................................................................................19
John Stuart Mill (1806 – 1873)..........................................................................................................20
Dilemma van Mill..............................................................................................................................20
Toepassingen................................................................................................................................21
Maieutiek.............................................................................................................................................22
Socratisch gesprek............................................................................................................................22
Toepassingen................................................................................................................................22
Allegorie...............................................................................................................................................23
Grot van Plato...................................................................................................................................23
Boodschappen..................................................................................................................................24
Epistemologie...................................................................................................................................24
Toepassing....................................................................................................................................24
Essentie................................................................................................................................................25
Het Lyceum (Athene).......................................................................................................................25
Essentie en accidenten.....................................................................................................................25
Alles heeft een doel..........................................................................................................................26
Jean – Paul Sartre (1905 – 1980)......................................................................................................26
Toepassingen................................................................................................................................26
Principe van de alternatieve mogelijkheden.........................................................................................27
Verantwoordelijkheid.......................................................................................................................27
Toepassingen................................................................................................................................27
Taxonomische methode........................................................................................................................28
Logische paradoxen..............................................................................................................................28
Paradoxen.........................................................................................................................................28
Leugenaarsparadox...........................................................................................................................28
Sorites-paradox.................................................................................................................................28
De gehoorde man.............................................................................................................................29
Paradox van Russell..........................................................................................................................29
Toepassingen................................................................................................................................29
Sceptici.................................................................................................................................................30
Oordeelopschorting (epochè)...............................................................................................................30
Epochè..............................................................................................................................................30
Epicurus (341 vbj. / 370 vbj.)............................................................................................................30
Impliciet deel....................................................................................................................................31
Zeno van Kition (335 vbj. / 262 vbj.).................................................................................................31
2
,Regressus ad infinitum.........................................................................................................................31
Justificatie van premissen.................................................................................................................32
Principe van het trilemma................................................................................................................32
Uitwegen:.........................................................................................................................................32
Problemen........................................................................................................................................33
Toepassingen................................................................................................................................34
Axomatische methode:.........................................................................................................................34
Nieuwe aanpak: de elementen.........................................................................................................34
Oneindig aantal priemgetallen.........................................................................................................35
Semiformeel.....................................................................................................................................35
Axiomatische methode.....................................................................................................................35
Aanpak..............................................................................................................................................36
Definities (Euklides)..........................................................................................................................36
Axioma’s Euklides.............................................................................................................................37
Postulaten Euklides...........................................................................................................................37
IV en V..............................................................................................................................................37
Formulering V...................................................................................................................................37
Een 2000 jaar oud vraagstuk.............................................................................................................37
Oplossing..........................................................................................................................................38
V-Varianten.......................................................................................................................................38
Aanpassing theorema’s.....................................................................................................................38
Axiomatisering = reductie.................................................................................................................38
Ware meetkunde?............................................................................................................................39
Principa Mathematica.......................................................................................................................39
Gödel................................................................................................................................................40
Problemen met Spinoza....................................................................................................................40
Toepassingen:...................................................................................................................................41
Twijel, poëzie en mystiek......................................................................................................................41
Grillige levenswandel........................................................................................................................41
Constructieve twijfel.........................................................................................................................42
René Descartes (1596-1650) : ‘methodische twijfel’........................................................................42
Poëzie en filosofie.............................................................................................................................42
Poëzie, filosofie en mystiek...............................................................................................................43
Filosofie VS mystiek..........................................................................................................................43
Het onuitspreekbare.........................................................................................................................44
Toepassing (twijfel).......................................................................................................................44
3
, Toepassing (poëzie).......................................................................................................................44
Toepassing (mystiek).....................................................................................................................45
Linguïsme.............................................................................................................................................45
De divisione naturae.........................................................................................................................45
Pantheïsme.......................................................................................................................................46
Spinoza.............................................................................................................................................46
Spilfiguur..........................................................................................................................................47
Linguïsme..........................................................................................................................................47
Parallelisme......................................................................................................................................47
Toepassingen:...............................................................................................................................48
Leer van de dubbele weg......................................................................................................................48
‘Volgelingen’.....................................................................................................................................48
Leer van de dubbele weg..................................................................................................................49
Toepassingen................................................................................................................................49
Scholastische methode.........................................................................................................................49
Universalënstrijd...............................................................................................................................49
Scholastische methoden...................................................................................................................50
Summa Theologiae (1265)................................................................................................................51
“philosophia ancilla theologiae”.......................................................................................................51
Toepassingen................................................................................................................................51
Het scheermes......................................................................................................................................52
Universalënstrijd...............................................................................................................................52
Scheermes........................................................................................................................................53
Betekenis..........................................................................................................................................53
Zelf geen metafysische uitspraak......................................................................................................53
Het scheermes als onzindetector.....................................................................................................53
Het bestaan van God........................................................................................................................53
Toepassing....................................................................................................................................54
Utopie...................................................................................................................................................54
‘Utopia’.............................................................................................................................................54
De Optimo Reipublicae Statu deque Nova Insula Utopia (1516).......................................................54
Humanisme......................................................................................................................................55
Utopiën als ficties over de toekomst................................................................................................55
Toepassingen................................................................................................................................55
Essays & aforismen...............................................................................................................................55
Filosoof en politicus..........................................................................................................................56
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