Mechanics
Displacement and Linear (p) and
position vectors angular (L)
momentum vectors
Linear (v) and angular (v)
Torque vectors ( t )
velocity vectors
Velocity component vectors Linear or rotational
motion directions
Force vectors (F)
Force component vectors Springs
Electricity and Magnetism
Electric fields Capacitors
Magnetic fields Inductors (coils)
Positive charges + Voltmeters V
Negative charges – Ammeters A
Resistors AC Sources
Batteries and other
DC power supplies – + Ground symbol
Switches Current
Light and Optics
Light rays Objects
Lenses and prisms Images
Mirrors
,Some Physical Constants
Quantity Symbol Valuea
Atomic mass unit u 1.660 538 86 (28) ⫻ 10⫺27 kg
931.494 043 (80) MeV/c 2
Avogadro’s number NA 6.022 141 5 (10) ⫻ 1023 particles/mol
eប
Bohr magneton mB ⫽ 9.274 009 49 (80) ⫻ 10⫺24 J/T
2m e
ប2
Bohr radius a0 ⫽ 5.291 772 108 (18) ⫻ 10⫺11 m
me e 2ke
R
Boltzmann’s constant kB ⫽ 1.380 650 5 (24) ⫻ 10⫺23 J/K
NA
h
Compton wavelength lC ⫽ 2.426 310 238 (16) ⫻ 10⫺12 m
mec
1
Coulomb constant ke ⫽ 8.987 551 788 . . . ⫻ 109 N ⭈m2/C2 (exact)
4pP0
Deuteron mass md 3.343 583 35 (57) ⫻ 10⫺27 kg
2.013 553 212 70 (35) u
Electron mass me 9.109 382 6 (16) ⫻ 10⫺31 kg
5.485 799 094 5 (24) ⫻ 10⫺4 u
0.510 998 918 (44) MeV/c 2
Electron volt eV 1.602 176 53 (14) ⫻ 10⫺19 J
Elementary charge e 1.602 176 53 (14) ⫻ 10⫺19 C
Gas constant R 8.314 472 (15) J/mol ⭈ K
Gravitational constant G 6.674 2 (10) ⫻ 10⫺11 N ⭈m2/kg2
2e
Josephson frequency –voltage ratio 4.835 978 79 (41) ⫻ 1014 Hz/V
h
h
Magnetic flux quantum ⌽0 ⫽ 2.067 833 72 (18) ⫻ 10⫺15 T ⭈m2
2e
Neutron mass mn 1.674 927 28 (29) ⫻ 10⫺27 kg
1.008 664 915 60 (55) u
939.565 360 (81) MeV/c 2
eប
Nuclear magneton mn ⫽ 5.050 783 43 (43) ⫻ 10⫺27 J/T
2m p
Permeability of free space m0 4p ⫻ 10⫺7 T ⭈m/A (exact)
1
Permittivity of free space P0 ⫽ 8.854 187 817 . . . ⫻ 10⫺12 C2/N ⭈m2 (exact)
m 0c 2
Planck’s constant h 6.626 069 3 (11) ⫻ 10⫺34 J ⭈s
h
ប⫽ 1.054 571 68 (18) ⫻ 10⫺34 J ⭈s
2p
Proton mass mp 1.672 621 71 (29) ⫻ 10⫺27 kg
1.007 276 466 88 (13) u
938.272 029 (80) MeV/c 2
Rydberg constant RH 1.097 373 156 852 5 (73) ⫻ 107 m⫺1
Speed of light in vacuum c 2.997 924 58 ⫻ 108 m/s (exact)
Note: These constants are the values recommended in 2002 by CODATA, based on a least-squares adjustment of data from different measure-
ments. For a more complete list, see P. J. Mohr and B. N. Taylor, “CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants:
2002.” Rev. Mod. Phys. 77:1, 2005.
a The numbers in parentheses for the values represent the uncertainties of the last two digits.
, Solar System Data
Mean Radius Distance from
Body Mass (kg) (m) Period (s) the Sun (m)
Mercury 3.18 ⫻ 1023 2.43 ⫻ 106 7.60 ⫻ 106 5.79 ⫻ 1010
Venus 4.88 ⫻ 1024 6.06 ⫻ 106 1.94 ⫻ 107 1.08 ⫻ 1011
Earth 5.98 ⫻ 1024 6.37 ⫻ 106 3.156 ⫻ 107 1.496 ⫻ 1011
Mars 6.42 ⫻ 1023 3.37 ⫻ 106 5.94 ⫻ 107 2.28 ⫻ 1011
Jupiter 1.90 ⫻ 1027 6.99 ⫻ 107 3.74 ⫻ 108 7.78 ⫻ 1011
Saturn 5.68 ⫻ 1026 5.85 ⫻ 107 9.35 ⫻ 108 1.43 ⫻ 1012
Uranus 8.68 ⫻ 1025 2.33 ⫻ 107 2.64 ⫻ 109 2.87 ⫻ 1012
Neptune 1.03 ⫻ 1026 2.21 ⫻ 107 5.22 ⫻ 109 4.50 ⫻ 1012
Plutoa ⬇1.4 ⫻ 1022 ⬇1.5 ⫻ 106 7.82 ⫻ 109 5.91 ⫻ 1012
Moon 7.36 ⫻ 1022 1.74 ⫻ 106 — —
Sun 1.991 ⫻ 1030 6.96 ⫻ 108 — —
aIn August 2006, the International Astronomical Union adopted a definition of a planet that separates Pluto from the other eight
planets. Pluto is now defined as a “dwarf planet” (like the asteroid Ceres).
Physical Data Often Used
Average Earth–Moon distance 3.84 ⫻ 108 m
Average Earth–Sun distance 1.496 ⫻ 1011 m
Average radius of the Earth 6.37 ⫻ 106 m
Density of air (20°C and 1 atm) 1.20 kg/m3
Density of water (20°C and 1 atm) 1.00 ⫻ 103 kg/m3
Free-fall acceleration 9.80 m/s2
Mass of the Earth 5.98 ⫻ 1024 kg
Mass of the Moon 7.36 ⫻ 1022 kg
Mass of the Sun 1.99 ⫻ 1030 kg
Standard atmospheric pressure 1.013 ⫻ 105 Pa
Note: These values are the ones used in the text.
Some Prefixes for Powers of Ten
Power Prefix Abbreviation Power Prefix Abbreviation
10⫺24 yocto y 101 deka da
10⫺21 zepto z 102 hecto h
10⫺18 atto a 103 kilo k
10⫺15 femto f 106 mega M
10⫺12 pico p 109 giga G
10⫺9 nano n 1012 tera T
10⫺6 micro m 1015 peta P
10⫺3 milli m 1018 exa E
10⫺2 centi c 1021 zetta Z
10⫺1 deci d 1024 yotta Y
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