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Summary Hormonal Control and Adrenaline

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Revision notes on hormonal control and adrenaline. A level biology OCR A revision notes. Notes on module 5: Communication, homeostasis and energy. Summary/ information you need to memorize for a level biology OCR A exams. A* student's revision notes.

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  • December 4, 2023
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Hormonal Control and Adrenaline:
 Exocrine glands – Secretes molecules (not hormones) into
ducts.
 Endocrine glands – Secretes hormones into blood capillaries.
 There are protein-based (or amino acid-based) hormones and
steroids (lipid-based hormones).

 Steroids can pass directly through the plasma membrane (since
they are non-polar) to bind to a receptor in the cytoplasm.
 This steroid hormone–receptor complex then enters the
nucleus and acts as a transcription factor on DNA (it either
promotes or inhibits the transcription of a gene).


 Protein based hormones are polar, and so they can’t pass
through the plasma membrane.
 Instead they bind to a receptor on the plasma membrane that
triggers the release of a secondary messenger within the cell
that then binds with a receptor within the cell nucleus.
 The binding of the protein-based hormone to the receptor
often causes a G-protein to be released, which then activate
the conversion of ATP into cAMP (controlled by the enzyme
adenyl cyclase).
 cAMP activates a cascade of enzyme-controlled reactions
(cAMP is the secondary messenger).


Adrenal Glands:
 Adrenal glands are split into the outer adrenal cortex, and inner
adrenal medulla.

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