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BIOL 100 Test 2 – Questions & Verified Answers
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BIOL 100 Test 2 – Questions & Verified AnswersDNA ✔️Ans - • DNA chains are formed by nucleotides
• Double stranded DNA chains (chromosomal form) are the genome
• DNA copies are formed during cell duplication
• Modification of nucleotides produce a mutation
What determines who we are, is our DNA. Our DNA makes us unique so no
two persons in the world have the same genetic code.
-the molecule that is passed down from cell to cell so that every cell has the
same information.
short for Deoxyribonucleic acid, a polymer of nucleotides that stores cellular
information
The molecule that contains the genetic information that determines the
phenotype. This molecule consists of two chains of nucleotides which are
wound between themselves, and takes the form of a double helix. These are
held together by hydrogen bonds. The four nucleotides that DNA contains
nitrogenous bases of adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine
(T).The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose-hence the "D" in DNA. A nucleotide has a
nitrogenous base, a sugar and phosphate groups.
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology ✔️Ans - The central dogma of
molecular biology that molecular biologists established is related to the
information flow through the three major cellular macromolecules:
DNA>RNA>Proteins.
established opinion held among molecular biologists pertaining to the flow of
cellular information from the three main macromolecules of molecular
biology, DNA, RNA, and proteins. These molecules are different forms of the
same information required to run the cell.
The central dogma says that the flow of cellular information (the information
required for a cell to live) flows from:
DNA --> RNA --> Protein
It also states this process is unidirectional meaning it NEVER flows from
protein to RNA or RNA to DNA.
RNA ✔️Ans - The molecule that acts as a messenger and carries
information from DNA to the proteins. This nucleic acid is built by nucleotides.
The sugar is ribose (hence "R" for RNA) and nitrogenous bases are adenine,
uracil, cytosine and guanine and phosphate groups. It acts as intermediary by
,transferring genetic instructions encoded by DNA to the cytoplasm- but in
some life forms there is only RNA.
RNA acts as a messenger that carries the genetic code to carry out protein
synthesis in the cytoplasm.
RNA is the molecule that acts as a messenger carrying the information from
DNA to protein. Messenger RNA, known as mRNA, is a mobile short-term
storage of cellular information.
short for Ribonucleic acid, it is a polymer of nucleotides that acts as a
messenger between DNA and proteins
Proteins ✔️Ans - These are the molecules that perform a specific
function in the cell and are produced by the commands from DNA to RNA.
Protein molecules are built of linear chains of amino acids.
Chromosomes ✔️Ans - Double stranded DNA (called
chromosomes) makes up the genome. Chromosomes are in the nucleus and
are the carriers of the heredity factors or genes of most living systems.
Chromosomes are in the nucleus of cells and contain nucleotide sequences.
The functional form of cellular information encoded by DNA.
Genome ✔️Ans - The genome is defined as the set of
chromosomes of a cell.
A genome is a full set of chromosomes.
The human genome is made of 3 billion base pairs that are separated on 23
chromosomes
DNA Replication ✔️Ans - DNA copies are made by the process of
DNA replication.
The process by which new copies of DNA are made. The basic steps include
unwinding of double stranded DNA by helicase to make a template strand and
synthesis of a new strand through addition of nucleotides by DNA polymerase
The process of making new DNA strands is called DNA replication. During
DNA replication every chromosome in a cell is copied by taking advantage of
base pairing between single strands of DNA.
Generally speaking, a copy of DNA is made by unwinding the double helix to
create a single stranded template that is copied using base pairing. The first
step of unwinding the double strand is done by a protein called helicase. The
two single strands can now act as a template for making the opposite strand
and a copy of DNA.
,Once the template for replication is made through unwinding the double helix,
DNA is replicated using base pairing.
Causes of DNA Mutation ✔️Ans - Nucleotide modification caused
by UV light or mutagenic chemicals can lead to DNA mutation.
A mutation in DNA is caused by modifications of one or more nucleotides in
the DNA. Mutations can occur during replication, but here we will briefly
discuss two ways in which DNA can be damaged from extracellular factors
leading to DNA mutations.
1) UV light
Ultraviolet light can harm the DNA molecules of living organisms in different
ways. In one common damage event, adjacent Thymine bases bond with each
other instead of across the "ladder". This makes a bulge, and the distorted
DNA molecule does not function properly.
2) Mutagenic chemicals
Molecules of a certain size and chemical nature can fit themselves in between
base pairs of DNA.
Both of these types of changes can affect two important processes; the making
of a new copy of a DNA molecule (replication) and the transfer of information
from a DNA molecule to an RNA molecule (transcription).
Causes of Mutations= Substitution, Insertion/Deletion, Frameshifts
Gene Expression ✔️Ans - • Nucleotide sequence encodes for
specific amino acid sequence
• mRNA transcript is created from DNA within the nucleus (Translation
Process)
• mRNA carries the genetic code for protein synthesis into the cytoplasm
(Translation Process)
• mRNA combines with tRNA in the cytoplasm to form protein
(Transcription). tRNA is also produced by DNA
genetic expression has two major processes: transcription and translation.
-Nucleotide sequence encodes amino acid sequence
-mRNA carries the genetic code for protein synthesis to the cytoplasm
-Translation process makes proteins from mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes in the
cytoplasm
-Transcription process creates mRNA from DNA inside the nucleus
gene expression is taking the genetic code from the DNA, transcribing it into
mRNA, and then translating the mRNA into protein. So when a cell gets a
signal from the environment or other cells that it needs more of a given
, protein, it must first make a copy of the gene that encodes that protein
through transcription. Once the transcript is made, the mRNA leaves the
nucleus and enters the cytoplasm where it is translated into protein.
Gene expression simply means that a gene encoded in DNA is transcribed into
mRNA that is then translated into a protein. When a cell needs a particular
protein product, that gene will be expressed meaning it will go through all of
the processes discussed in this module.
The process by which information from a gene (DNA) is made into a
functional gene product (protein) using mRNA.
Genetic Code ✔️Ans - The genetic code is the nucleotide sequence
in DNA. This can be seen as the "alphabet molecule" which encodes for the
amino acid sequence of proteins.
The order of these amino acid sequences bind to form different proteins
according to the genetic code, i.e., the nucleotide sequence encoding the amino
acid sequence.
The nucleotide sequence in DNA is the "molecular alphabet" that encodes the
amino acid sequence of proteins. This is also known as the genetic code.
A triplet nucleotide code would provide at least 64 different amino acids (43)
- more than enough possibilities for the 20 amino acids, and thus scientists
discovered the triple nucleotide code known as a codon.
Sets of three nucleotides that specify amino acids or stop codons during the
process of translation at the ribosome; the set of rules by which information
encoded in genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences) is translated into
proteins (amino acid sequences).
Protein Synthesis ✔️Ans - The process of protein synthesis begins
when DNA partially unravels in the nucleus goes through transcription
process in which mRNA is made and moves into the cytoplasm and directs
protein synthesis.
Transcription ✔️Ans - The process of protein synthesis begins
when DNA partially unravels in the nucleus goes through transcription
process in which mRNA is made and moves into the cytoplasm and directs
protein synthesis. In other words, DNA transcription is a process that involves
transcription of genetic information from DNA to RNA and translation
involves the production of protein by mRNA and a process called
transcription.
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