NUR 104- Exam 2 (100% Error-free Answers)

Calcium correct answers 8.5-10.5 mg/dL -absorbed from food in the presence of normal Vitamin D -99% is in bones, 1% in the blood -3 forms in the blood: protein bound (45%), ionized (40%- which is just calcium by itself), bound to other substances (15%) -Ionized calcium vs. total calcium: means if there is low albumin (protein), you may have a low TOTAL calcium, but normal ionized calcium Functions of Calcium correct answers (MUSCLES AND NERVES) -major role in transmitting nerve impulses -regulates muscle contraction and relaxation (including cardiac muscle) -activates enzymes that stimulate various chemical reactions -role in blood coagulation (specific to Ca) Calcium Regulation correct answers Calcitonin: -produced by the thyroid, tonin down Ca (DECREASES Ca) by... -preventing osteoclasts from breaking down bones and encouraging osteoblasts to create new bone (take Ca from the blood and put it back) Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): -produced by the parathyroid, INCREASES Ca by.... -encouraging osteoclasts to break down bone and tells kidneys to reabsorb calcium and activate vitamin D -Activated Vitamin D = Calcitrol: which tells intestines to absorb more calcium and tells kidneys to decrease excretion of calcium Hypocalcemia (low calcium) correct answers Serum Level Less Than 8.5 mg/dL, must be in conjunction with serum albumin level Causes: -Hypoparathyroidism: sucky parathyroid glands, therefore, DECREASES Ca -Malabsorption: not eating appropriately, no vitamin D, diarrhea, vomiting DECREASES Ca -Pancreatitis -Renal failure: INCREASES Pho, DECREASES Ca -Alkalosis: not enough hydrogen, calcium binds to single proteins; no ionized Ca left -Medications: aluminimum, aminoglycosides, LOOP DIURETICS Hypocalcemia Manifestations correct answers Ca CALMS: IRRITABLE NERVES/MUSCLES -tetany: muscle spasms -paresthesia: tingly/numbness (circumoral numbness- around the mouth) -hyperactive DTRs -Trosseau's Sign: inflate BP cuff, spasm of the wrisT -Chovstek's Sign: tap CHeek, facial twitching