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Summary Introduction to Communication Science part Y
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Summary of ICS on the second part of the course, made by a honours student. I got a 8.9 for this exam, and all I learned was this summary.
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Summary ICS second examNEWS PRODUCTION
Media logic & mediatization
CNN effect: news→ public opinion→ pressure on the government
“Global television networks, such as CNN, have become a decisive factor in determining policies and
outcomes of significant events.”
Pseudo-event: “event planned to receive media publicity”
Characteristics: dramatic, planned, clearly market in time and space and it would not take place
without media attention
Media logic: “the power to define who and what is (politically) relevant lies firmly with the media.”
1. Media and media attention are important
2. Producers of media (e.g journalists) have their own logic
have ideas about what is important: media are also influenced by media
Fast competition: media want to attract viewers
3. Actors (e.g politicians) anticipate demands from the media.
4. These media rules displace other considerations (more important to entertain vs. be informing)
Esser and Strömbäck see mediatization as a process:
“The process whereby society to an increasing degree is submitted to, or becomes
dependent on, the media and their logic”
A process “in which there is a development toward increasing media influence”
Mediatization of politics as a four-dimensional concept
1st dimension:
Most important source of information: Experiences or interpersonal communication ←→ most
important source of information: The media
The first dimension concerns the extent to which media have become the main source of information
for citizens and the main channel for communication between politicians and citizens (partisan logic)
Media identify with party (e.g., in NL, four blocks: Catholic, Protestant, social and liberal)
Public addressed as subject
Role journalism is dependent, mouthpiece (close link with political parties)
Kind of reporting is “colored” substantive
2nd dimension:
Media mainly dependent on political institutions ←→ Media mainly independent on political
institutions
A (increasing) extent to which media functions independently of political institutions
3rd dimension:
Media content mainly governed by political logic ←→ Media content mainly governed by media logic
The extent to which media content is determined by new values such as negativity and conflict and is
driven by the need of a bigger audience
Media identify with public
Public addressed as consumer (wishes and desires from the public are more important- due
to competition and commercialization)
Role journalism is dominate, entertaining, cynical
Kind of reporting is interpretative, less substantive
Agenda set by the media
, 4th dimension:
Political actors mainly governed by political logic ←→ Political actors mainly governed by media logic
The extent to which politicians adjust their perceptions and behavior to the (informal) rules that
news media impose
Schulz identified, at least four processes of social change following from the media can be identified:
Extension extend human communication across space and time
Substitution media partly substitute (vervanging) social activities and social institutions
Amagalmation activities merge with non-media activities or processes
Accomodation different social actors must adapt to their behaviors to accommodate the
media’s logic and standards of newsworthiness
Creation: the media makes other social actors create events with the main or sole
purpose of being covered by the media
News values
Who decides what news is?
The individual journalist as “gatekeeper?”
The individual journalist has almost no influence
Marginal influence personal norms and values
The owner or editor-in-chief?
Editorial board (independent in the Netherlands)
The advertiser?
50% of income (or more) this is mostly an indirect influence
What are news values?
a conceptual framework to describe the gatekeeping practices of the mainstream news
What does that mean?
events are more likely to become news if they fit specific criteria
Journalists have ground rules regarding the questions: “What is news?”
News values Galtung & Ruge 1965:
1. Frequency event that unfolds easy within the production cycle of news outlets (e.g., murder)
2. Threshold an event that passes a threshold (drempel) (e.g., more casualties = slachtoffers)
3. Unambiguity more clearly an event can be understood, greater the chance of it being selected
4. Meaningfulness when an event is culturally relevant, the more likely it is to be selected
5. Consonance if a journalist has a preimage of an event
6. Unexpectedness event is a rare or unexpected
7. Continuity once an event made the news, it remains there
8. Composition event included because it fits better
9. Reference to elite nations (U.S)
10. Reference to elite people
11. Reference to person
12. Reference to something negative
Critique about news values/more added:
News about events (e.g., what about news regarding trends?)
Is it the characteristic of news or the interpretation of the journalist?
Difficult to decide what a news value is (e.g., what is negative news, for whom?)
Visuals in the news (e.g., agenda setter?)
There were some differences Harcup & O’Neill point out due to the new technology and how the
media is shaped today: everything else in the sense did not change
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