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Summary clincal neuropsychology: depressie

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summary of the depression lesson taught by prof. Swinnen from the clinical neuropsychology course. It is a summary of the powerpoint slides and additional items noted during the lesson. The slides were in English and my own notes are always in Dutch as much as possible. It is therefore a mix of the...

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  • December 11, 2023
  • 8
  • 2023/2024
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Neuropsych. SWINNEN: depressie in neurol.populations

DIAGNOSIS OF DEPRESSION IN CNS PATIENTS
 Depression is the most cited disruption in mood state following any type of brain lesion
 Associated with:
- cerebrovascular accident
- tumor
- traumatic brain injury
- Alzheimer disease
- Parkinson’s disease
- multiple sclerosis,…

DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS
 2000: DSM-IV-TR classification of mood disorders
 2013: DSM-5 classification of mood disorders

 Dysthymic disorder (persistent depressive
disorder)
 Major depressive disorder (single episode,
recurrent)
 Bipolar disorders (manic-depressive illness,
different types
 + mood disorder due to a somatic medical
condition

1. SYMPTOMS OF MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
 Chronic emptiness
 Hopelessness
 Fatigue
 Unyielding sadness
 Restlessness
 No interest in hobbies



2. BIPOLAR DISORDER SYMPTOMS
 Manic episodes
- Feeling overly happy for long periods of time
- Talking very fast with racing thoughts
- Becoming easily distracted
- Having overconfidence in abilities
- Engaging in risky behavior (eg gambling)

 Depression episodes
- Feeling sad or hopeless for long period of time
- Significant change in appetite
- Thinking about or attempting suicide
- Feeling fatigue or lack of energy
- Problems with memory and concentration




Nala Melis Pagina 1

, Neuropsych. SWINNEN: depressie in neurol.populations

DSM CRITERIA FOR DEPRESSION OCCURRING WITH CHRONIC MEDICAL CONDITIONS
 niet gerelateerd aan sterfte! -> andere
diagnose
 minimaal 5 symptomen aanwezig in
tijdsspanne 2 weken




CAUSES OF DEPRESSION
 Brain chemistry imbalance
 Drugs
 Traumatic events
 Stress
 Female sex hormones
 Genetics and biology
 Poor nutrition
 Physical health problems


AFFECTED AREAS OF THE BRAIN

 “….the current knowledge indicates that the pathophysiology of depression may be distributed across
many brain regions and circuits”
- we weten niet juist wat er in de hersenen gebeurt
- verschillende regios zijn involved bij depressie

 Onset of depression more complex than a brain chemical imbalance
- Amygdala:
 part of a group of structures deep in the brain that’s associated with emotions
o such as anger, pleasure, sorrow, fear and sexual arousal.
 Recalling an emotionally charged memory activates the amygdala.
 Activity in the amygdala is higher when a person is sad or clinically
depressed, and this continues even after recovery from depression.
 This increase in activity may actually cause the amygdala to enlarge.
- Basal ganglia:
 related group of structures deep in the brain.
 They are connected to and interact with structures that are closer to the
brain’s surface.
 They may help facilitate movement and may be involved in memorizing, thinking, and emotional
processing.
 Some studies have found shrinkage and other structural changes in the basal ganglia in people
with depression.




Nala Melis Pagina 2

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