Lecture notes from BIOL2018 Adaptive physiology Immunology. Covering: Innate vs acquired immunology, Anti-microbial peptides, phagocytosis, Dscam protein, cellular and humoral responses in fish and Mammalian type adaptive immune system
Immunology
Innate vs acquired immunity
Innate – non-specific recognition of ‘structures’. Cover a large range of infectious
pathogens. Does not require DNA rearrangement and takes place from minutes to
hours. Never has memory.
Adaptive – Specific recognition of ‘structures’ by B/T cells. Requires DNA
rearrangement and takes about a week. Persistent memory. Start out with an innate
trigger and frequently enhance innate response.
Common ancestries of innate defence mechanism
Pattern recognition receptor (PRR)
Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP)
LipoPolySaccharides (LPS; outer wall of gram-negative bacteria)
LipoTeichoic Acid (LTA; cell wall of gram-positive bacteria)
Beta-glucan (cell walls of all bacteria and fungi
Recognition by Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) and carbohydrate-binding lectins (blood or
hemolymph):
Activation of opsonic/lytic pathways in vertebrates
Coagulation cascade in arthropods
Phagocytosis of pathogens
Lysis of pathogens by antimicrobial peptides
Antimicrobial peptides (defensins; amphipathic peptides that can create pores in
microbe cell membranes)
AMP – AntiMicrobial Peptide
CNS – production of AMP’s and/or cytokines – inflammation – neuronal death and
degeneration
Respiratory system – production of AMP’s
Systemic response – (fat body in flies and liver in humans) – production of AMP’s –
acute phase response
Digestive system – Gut – production of AMP’s – local ROS production via Duox and
Nox
Excretory system – (Malpighian tubules in flies and kidneys in humans) – production
of AMP’s – Hormonal regulation
Cellular response – (haemolymph in flies and blood and lymph in humans) –
Phagocytosis – clotting and coagulation – Cytokine secretion
Phagocytosis
Not in higher plants
Bacterium becomes attached to membrane evaginations called pseudopodia
Bacterium is ingested, forming phagosome
Phagosome fuses with lysosome
Lysosomal enzymes digest captured material
Digestion products are released from cell
Phagocytosis can be activated by attachment to pathogen-associated molecular
patterns (PAMPS), which lead to cell activation (signalling)
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