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Summary Het personen- en familierecht - Personen en familierecht
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het bevat de volledige samenvatting van het vak personen- en familierecht, aan de hand van de lessen, slides en het handboek.
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Inhoudsopgave1 INTRODUCTIE .......................................................................................................................................... 7
2 PERSONEN .............................................................................................................................................. 7
2.1 HET BEGRIP PERSOON .......................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.1 Algemeen......................................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.2 Voorbijgestreefd? ............................................................................................................................ 8
2.2 DE NATUURLIJKE PERSOON .................................................................................................................. 9
2.2.1 De geboorte ..................................................................................................................................... 9
2.2.2 De doodgeboorte ........................................................................................................................... 10
2.2.3 Akte van een levenloos kind .......................................................................................................... 11
2.2.4 Het overlijden ................................................................................................................................ 12
2.2.5 De afwezigheid .............................................................................................................................. 12
2.2.6 De gerechtelijke vaststelling van overlijden .................................................................................. 13
2.3 DE PERSOONLIJKHEIDSRECHTEN ........................................................................................................ 14
2.3.1 Heikele kwesties (= gevaarlijk, met een groot risico) .................................................................... 14
2.3.2 Een oplossing ................................................................................................................................. 15
2.4 DE JURIDISCHE PERSOON EN ZIJN STAAT ........................................................................................... 16
2.4.1 Staat .............................................................................................................................................. 16
2.4.2 Vorderingen van de staat .............................................................................................................. 19
2.4.3 Bezit van staat ............................................................................................................................... 20
2.5 IDENTIFICATIE VAN EEN PERSOON ..................................................................................................... 21
2.5.1 De familienaam ............................................................................................................................. 21
2.5.2 De voornaam ................................................................................................................................. 24
2.5.3 De woon- en verblijfplaats............................................................................................................. 25
2.5.4 Van geslacht naar geslacht en gender .......................................................................................... 26
2.5.5 Eerste toekenning – latere wijziging ............................................................................................. 26
3 BELGEN EN VREEMDELINGEN ................................................................................................................ 28
3.1 WAAROVER GAAT HET? ..................................................................................................................... 28
3.1.1 Nationaliteit in een geglobaliseerde wereld .................................................................................. 29
3.1.2 Rechten gekoppeld aan nationaliteit ............................................................................................ 29
3.1.3 Vordering van staat ....................................................................................................................... 30
3.1.4 Wijziging afstamming ................................................................................................................... 30
3.2 DE BELGISCHE NATIONALITEIT VERWERVEN ...................................................................................... 31
3.2.1 Toekenning vs. Verkrijging ............................................................................................................ 31
3.2.2 Toekenning aan minderjarigen ..................................................................................................... 31
3.2.3 Verkrijging door meerderjarigen ................................................................................................... 34
3.2.3.1 Nationaliteitsverklaring ....................................................................................................................... 34
3.2.3.2 Naturalisatie ........................................................................................................................................ 37
3.3 BELGISCHE NATIONALITEIT VERLIEZEN .............................................................................................. 37
3.3.1 Algemeen....................................................................................................................................... 37
3.3.2 Tot slot........................................................................................................................................... 41
4 ONBEKWAMEN EN ONDER BEWIND GESLOTEN .................................................................................... 42
4.1 WAAROVER GAAT HET? ..................................................................................................................... 42
4.2 ONBEKWAAMHEID ............................................................................................................................. 43
4.2.1 Drie begrippen ............................................................................................................................... 43
4.3 BEWIND .............................................................................................................................................. 45
5 MINDERJARIGEN ................................................................................................................................... 47
5.1 WAAROVER GAAT HET? ..................................................................................................................... 47
5.2 NIET-ONTVOOGDE MINDERJARIGEN ................................................................................................. 48
5.2.1 De negatieve zijde van onbekwaamheid ....................................................................................... 48
1
, 5.2.2 De positieve zijde: het ouderlijk bewind ........................................................................................ 51
5.3 ONTVOOGDE MINDERJARIGEN .......................................................................................................... 57
5.3.1 Ontvoogding .................................................................................................................................. 57
5.3.2 Onbekwaamheid ........................................................................................................................... 57
5.3.3 Bewind ........................................................................................................................................... 58
6 MEERDERJARIGE BESCHERMDE PERSONEN ........................................................................................... 58
6.1 DE HANDELINGSBEKWAAMHEID VAN DE MEERDERJARIGE ............................................................... 59
6.1.1 Algemeen....................................................................................................................................... 59
6.1.2 Beschermde personen ................................................................................................................... 59
6.1.3 Privaat – publieke maatregel ........................................................................................................ 59
6.1.4 Een recent vernieuwd leerstuk ...................................................................................................... 60
6.2 TOEPASSINGSGEBIED ......................................................................................................................... 61
6.2.1 Algemeen....................................................................................................................................... 61
6.2.2 Voor wie vindt het recht, bescherming belangrijk? ....................................................................... 61
6.2.2.1 Gezondheidstoestand.......................................................................................................................... 61
6.2.2.2 Staat van verkwisting........................................................................................................................... 62
6.3 BUITENGERECHTELIJKE BESCHERMING.............................................................................................. 63
6.3.1 De (on)geldigheid van RH bij wilsonbekwaamheid ....................................................................... 63
6.3.1.1 Is de RH gesteld door iemand die HOB is, maar is tegelijkertijd wilsonbekwaam? ............................. 63
6.3.1.2 Kan je de RH van een persoon die WOB maar HOB is, aanvechten tijdens het leven van deze
persoon? 64
6.3.1.3 Kan je de RH van een persoon die WOB is, maar wel HB, aanvechten na zijn overlijden?.................. 65
6.3.2 Informeel bewind .......................................................................................................................... 65
6.3.2.1 Zorgvolmacht....................................................................................................................................... 65
6.3.2.2 De gehuwde (en wettelijk samenwonende) WOB ............................................................................... 69
6.4 GERECHTELIJKE BESCHERMING .......................................................................................................... 69
6.4.1 Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................... 69
6.4.2 Onbekwaamheid (de negatieve zijde) ........................................................................................... 70
6.4.2.1 Dit is de uitzondering op de regel ........................................................................................................ 70
6.4.2.2 De omvang........................................................................................................................................... 70
6.4.2.3 Sanctionering ....................................................................................................................................... 71
6.4.2.4 Aanvang ............................................................................................................................................... 71
6.4.2.5 Einde van de onbekwaamheid ............................................................................................................ 72
6.4.3 Bewind (de positieve zijde) ............................................................................................................ 72
6.4.3.1 Organisatie .......................................................................................................................................... 72
6.4.3.2 Werking ............................................................................................................................................... 75
6.4.3.3 Controle ............................................................................................................................................... 77
7 GEESTESZIEKEN ..................................................................................................................................... 78
7.1 WAAROVER GAAT HET ....................................................................................................................... 78
7.1.1 Preventieve vrijheidsberoving ....................................................................................................... 78
7.1.2 Verbod op vrijheidsberoving .......................................................................................................... 78
7.1.3 Normaliseringsbeginsel ................................................................................................................. 78
7.1.4 In België ......................................................................................................................................... 79
7.2 EXCLUSIEF KARAKTER VAN DE WET .................................................................................................... 79
7.3 MATERIËLE TOEPASSINGSVOORWAARDEN ....................................................................................... 79
7.3.1 5 voorwaarden .............................................................................................................................. 79
7.3.2 Procedure ...................................................................................................................................... 81
7.4 MAATREGELEN ................................................................................................................................... 81
7.4.1 Behandeling in een psychiatrisch ziekenhuis ................................................................................. 81
7.4.2 Verpleging in het gezin .................................................................................................................. 82
7.5 BEKWAAMHEID VAN DE GEESTESZIEKE.............................................................................................. 82
8 FAMILIES ............................................................................................................................................... 83
8.1 INLEIDING ........................................................................................................................................... 83
8.2 HORIZONTAAL FAMILIERECHT ........................................................................................................... 84
8.2.1 Waar gaat het over? ..................................................................................................................... 84
8.2.2 Vormen .......................................................................................................................................... 84
2
, 8.2.3 Samenwoning als aanknopingspunt voor regelgeving .................................................................. 85
8.2.4 Grondrechten ................................................................................................................................ 85
8.3 VERTICAAL FAMILIERECHT: OUDERS EN KINDEREN ........................................................................... 85
8.3.1 Waarover gaat het? ...................................................................................................................... 85
8.4 VERWANTEN ...................................................................................................................................... 86
8.5 KRUISPUNTEN .................................................................................................................................... 86
8.5.1 Wat zijn de verbanden tussen elkaar? Hoe doorkruisen die relaties elkaar? ................................ 86
8.5.2 Botsingen ....................................................................................................................................... 86
8.5.3 Recht over families ........................................................................................................................ 87
9 ECHTGENOTEN ...................................................................................................................................... 87
9.1 BEGRIP................................................................................................................................................ 87
9.2 VERLOVING ........................................................................................................................................ 87
9.3 HISTORIEK .......................................................................................................................................... 87
9.4 AANGAAN VAN HET HUWELIJK .......................................................................................................... 88
9.4.1 Grondvoorwaarden ....................................................................................................................... 88
9.4.1.1 Absolute en relatieve huwelijksverboden ........................................................................................... 91
9.4.1.2 Vermoedelijke verwekker .................................................................................................................... 92
9.4.2 Vormvoorwaarden ........................................................................................................................ 92
9.4.3 Nietigheid ...................................................................................................................................... 93
9.4.3.1 Absolute nietigheid ............................................................................................................................. 93
9.4.3.2 Relatieve nietigheid ............................................................................................................................. 93
9.4.3.3 Het putatief huwelijk ........................................................................................................................... 93
9.4.4 Bewijs huwelijk .............................................................................................................................. 93
9.5 INHOUD .............................................................................................................................................. 94
9.5.1 Algemeen....................................................................................................................................... 94
9.5.1.1 Het huwelijk is een instituut ................................................................................................................ 94
9.5.1.2 Primair en secundair huwelijksrecht ................................................................................................... 94
9.5.1.3 Bekwaamheid van de echtgenoten ..................................................................................................... 94
9.5.1.4 Vrije beroepsuitoefening door de echtgenoten .................................................................................. 94
9.5.1.5 Naam ................................................................................................................................................... 94
9.5.1.6 Ontvangst, besteding en bestuur van inkomsten ................................................................................ 95
9.5.1.7 Bankrekeningen en kluis ...................................................................................................................... 95
9.5.1.8 Schenkingen en persoonlijke borgstellingen ....................................................................................... 95
9.5.1.9 Lastgeving tussen echtgenoten ........................................................................................................... 95
9.5.1.10 Machtiging en indeplaatsstelling ......................................................................................................... 95
9.5.2 Persoonsrechterlijke inhoud van het huwelijk ............................................................................... 95
9.5.3 Vermogensrechtelijke inhoud van het huwelijk ............................................................................. 96
9.5.3.1 Bescherming van de gezinswoning en het huisraad ............................................................................ 96
9.5.3.2 De hulp- en bijdrageplichten ............................................................................................................... 97
9.5.3.3 De hoofdelijke gehoudenheid ............................................................................................................. 98
9.5.4 Dringende maatregelen ................................................................................................................ 98
9.5.4.1 Toepassingsvoorwaarden .................................................................................................................... 98
9.5.4.2 Maatregelen ........................................................................................................................................ 99
9.5.5 Nietigverklaring van handelingen ............................................................................................... 100
9.5.6 Feitelijke scheiding ...................................................................................................................... 100
9.5.6.1 Waarover gaat het? ........................................................................................................................... 100
9.5.6.2 Soorten .............................................................................................................................................. 100
9.5.6.3 Gevolgen............................................................................................................................................ 101
9.6 ONTBINDING HUWELIJK ................................................................................................................... 101
9.6.1 Ontbinding door overlijden.......................................................................................................... 101
9.6.2 Ontbinding door echtscheiding ................................................................................................... 101
9.6.2.1 De echtscheiding in het algemeen .................................................................................................... 101
9.6.2.2 Het Belgische echtscheidingsrecht .................................................................................................... 102
9.6.3 Echtscheiding o.g.v. onherstelbare ontwrichting van het huwelijk ............................................. 102
9.6.3.1 De gronden ........................................................................................................................................ 102
9.6.3.2 Voorlopige maatregelen .................................................................................................................... 104
9.6.3.3 Gevolgen van de EOO ........................................................................................................................ 105
9.6.3.4 De kinderen ....................................................................................................................................... 106
9.6.4 Echtscheiding door onderlinge toestemming .............................................................................. 106
3
, 9.6.4.1 Voorwaarden ..................................................................................................................................... 106
9.6.4.2 Gevolgen............................................................................................................................................ 108
9.7 SCHEIDING VAN TAFEL EN BED ......................................................................................................... 108
9.7.1 Begrip .......................................................................................................................................... 108
9.7.2 Verwijzing .................................................................................................................................... 108
9.7.3 Gevolgen...................................................................................................................................... 108
9.7.4 Einde ............................................................................................................................................ 108
10 WETTELIJK SAMENWONENDE ............................................................................................................. 109
10.1 WAAROVER GAAT HET? ................................................................................................................... 109
10.2 HET AANGAAN.................................................................................................................................. 109
10.2.1 Grondvoorwaarden ................................................................................................................ 109
10.2.1.1 Toestemming ..................................................................................................................................... 109
10.2.1.2 Bekwaamheid .................................................................................................................................... 109
10.2.1.3 (samen)leven ..................................................................................................................................... 109
10.2.1.4 Tweerelatie ........................................................................................................................................ 109
10.2.2 Vormvoorwaarden .................................................................................................................. 109
10.3 INHOUD ............................................................................................................................................ 110
10.3.1.1 Algemeen .......................................................................................................................................... 110
10.3.1.2 Dringende maatregelen ..................................................................................................................... 110
10.4 ONTBINDING .................................................................................................................................... 110
10.4.1 Gronden en procedure ............................................................................................................ 110
10.4.2 Gevolgen ................................................................................................................................. 110
11 FEITELIJKE SAMENWONENDEN ........................................................................................................... 111
11.1 WAAROVER GAAT HET? ................................................................................................................... 111
11.2 AANGAAN......................................................................................................................................... 111
11.3 INHOUD ............................................................................................................................................ 111
11.3.1.1 Situering ............................................................................................................................................ 111
11.3.1.2 Persoonsrechtelijke inhoud ............................................................................................................... 111
11.3.1.3 Vermogensrechtelijke inhoud ........................................................................................................... 111
11.4 ONTBINDING .................................................................................................................................... 111
12 OUDERS .............................................................................................................................................. 112
12.1 INLEIDING ......................................................................................................................................... 112
12.1.1 Inkt: juridisch ouderschap ....................................................................................................... 112
12.1.1.1 Afstamming ....................................................................................................................................... 112
12.1.1.2 Adoptie .............................................................................................................................................. 113
12.1.2 Bloed: biologisch ouderschap ................................................................................................. 113
12.1.3 Melk: sociaal ouderschap ....................................................................................................... 113
12.1.4 Water: intentioneel ouderschap ............................................................................................. 113
12.1.4.1 Recht een gezin te stichten ............................................................................................................... 113
12.1.4.2 Recht op adoptie ............................................................................................................................... 114
12.1.4.3 Recht op sociaal ouderschap ............................................................................................................. 114
12.2 DE AFSTAMMING ............................................................................................................................. 114
12.2.1 Historiek .................................................................................................................................. 114
12.2.2 Uitgangspunten ...................................................................................................................... 115
12.2.2.1 Titel van de afstamming .................................................................................................................... 115
12.2.2.2 Inhoudelijke uitgangspunten ............................................................................................................. 116
12.2.2.3 Procedurele uitgangspunten ............................................................................................................. 118
12.2.3 De afstamming van rechtswege ............................................................................................. 119
12.2.3.1 Vestiging ............................................................................................................................................ 119
12.2.3.2 Betwisting .......................................................................................................................................... 120
12.2.4 De erkenning........................................................................................................................... 122
12.2.4.1 Vestiging ............................................................................................................................................ 122
12.2.4.2 Betwisting .......................................................................................................................................... 124
12.2.4.3 Vernietiging ....................................................................................................................................... 125
12.2.4.4 Gevolg van betwisting en vernietiging .............................................................................................. 125
12.2.5 Gerechtelijke vestiging ........................................................................................................... 125
12.2.5.1 Vestiging ............................................................................................................................................ 125
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