Sociaal werk: samenvatting sociaal werk en sociale rechtvaardigheid // 2e jaar // 1e semester
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Course
Sociaal Werk en Sociale Rechtvaardigheid
Institution
Hogeschool Gent (HoGent)
12/20!! Dit is een samenvatting van het vak sociaal werk en sociale rechtvaardigheid gegeven door Luc De Droogh of Didier Reynaert. De samenvatting bevat alle powerpoints én alle lesnotities.
SOCIAAL WERK EN SOCIALE
RECHTVAARDIGHEID
Inhoud
Introductie.................................................................................................................................................................7
Sociale rechtvaardigheid als sociaal-politiek kader voor het sociaal werk: de ontwikkeling van “gunst” naar
“recht”.......................................................................................................................................................................8
Gebeurtenissen.....................................................................................................................................................8
Ontwikkeling van gunst naar recht.......................................................................................................................9
A. Van tekortkomingen naar mogelijkheden....................................................................................................9
B. Van sociale controle naar emancipatie.......................................................................................................10
C. Van (overheids)paternalisme naar gebruikersparticipatie.........................................................................10
D. Van privaat naar publiek.............................................................................................................................11
E. Van selectiviteit naar universaliteit.............................................................................................................11
Handelen vanuit nut – het utilitarisme...................................................................................................................12
Kritieken..............................................................................................................................................................12
Variatie aan liberale stromingen – Liberalisme......................................................................................................12
Libertarisme............................................................................................................................................................13
Kritieken..............................................................................................................................................................13
Egalitair liberalisme.................................................................................................................................................13
Zorgcontinuüm M-decreet..................................................................................................................................13
Egalitair liberalisme.............................................................................................................................................14
John Rawls.......................................................................................................................................................14
Kritieken..............................................................................................................................................................15
De capabilitybenadering.........................................................................................................................................15
Egalitair liberalisme II..........................................................................................................................................15
Casus................................................................................................................................................................16
Capabilitybenadering......................................................................................................................................16
Uitgangspunten...............................................................................................................................................16
Vier basisconcepten........................................................................................................................................17
Invulling van autonomie en actorschap / agency...........................................................................................19
Capability approach en sociaal werk...............................................................................................................20
Justica as fairness en de capabilitybenadering vergeleken............................................................................20
Kwaliteit van leven en de capabilitybenadering.............................................................................................20
Handelen vanuit gemeenschapszin: communitarisme...........................................................................................20
1
, Introductie...........................................................................................................................................................20
Voorbeelden: vermaatschappelijking.............................................................................................................20
Communitarisme: wat?.......................................................................................................................................21
Uitgangspunten communitarisme..................................................................................................................22
Voorbeeld vermaatschappelijking..................................................................................................................22
Proeven van communitarisme........................................................................................................................22
Communitarisme: kritieken.................................................................................................................................23
COmmunitarisme: reflectie.................................................................................................................................23
Handelen vanuit diversiteit: multiculturalisme.......................................................................................................23
Introductie...........................................................................................................................................................23
Context............................................................................................................................................................23
Case: inburgering.............................................................................................................................................23
Multiculturalisme: wat?......................................................................................................................................24
Multiculturalisme als kritiek op liberalisme....................................................................................................24
Multiculturalisme: claims................................................................................................................................24
Multiculturalisme en communitarisme...........................................................................................................25
Liberaal multiculturalisme...............................................................................................................................25
multiculturalisme: non-citizens...........................................................................................................................25
Colect actief.....................................................................................................................................................26
Dringende medische hulp via het OCMW.......................................................................................................26
Non-citizens / niet-burgers.............................................................................................................................26
Multiculturalisme: kritieken................................................................................................................................27
Multiculturalisme in de politieke context...........................................................................................................27
Handelen vanuit diversiteit: redistributie – recognitie – representatie.................................................................27
Introductie...........................................................................................................................................................27
Vorige les.........................................................................................................................................................27
Twee rechtvaardigheidsbenaderingen als start..............................................................................................27
Participatorische gelijkwaardigheid....................................................................................................................28
Vijf kwesties als synthese................................................................................................................................28
Fraser’s opvatting over sociale rechtvaardigheid...........................................................................................28
Sociale rechtvaardigheid = gelijkwaardigheid van participatie.......................................................................28
Affirmatieve benaderingen.............................................................................................................................29
Transformatieve benaderingen.......................................................................................................................30
Affirmatieve en transformatieve strategieën rond redistributie....................................................................30
Affirmatieve en transformatieve strategieën rond recognitie........................................................................30
Affirmatieve en transformatieve strategieën rond representatie..................................................................30
Samenvattend: Nancy Fraser..........................................................................................................................31
2
, Documentaire: Femme de la rue........................................................................................................................31
Handelen vanuit zorg (zorgethiek)..........................................................................................................................31
Zorg en zorgethiek...............................................................................................................................................31
Evolutie van regelethiek naar zorgethiek............................................................................................................31
Het Heinz dilemma..............................................................................................................................................32
Kritiek op regelethiek..........................................................................................................................................32
Gilligan suggereert dat....................................................................................................................................32
Gilligan’s onderscheid volgens niveaus van morele ontwikkeling..................................................................33
Kritieken op rechtvaardigheidsdenken vanuit de zorgethiek.............................................................................33
Zorg en zorgethiek als nieuw onderzoeksgebied................................................................................................33
Aandacht voor zorg is door evolutie in filosofie uit oog verdwenen: drie breuken...........................................33
Wat is zorg?.........................................................................................................................................................34
Vier fasen van zorg..............................................................................................................................................34
Zorg als onderzoeksgebied..................................................................................................................................34
Voorbeeld 1: washing the citizen........................................................................................................................35
Voorbeeld 2.........................................................................................................................................................36
Het verhaal van het eitje.....................................................................................................................................36
Van micro naar meso naar marco.......................................................................................................................36
Caring democracy 2.........................................................................................................................................36
Caring democracy 3.........................................................................................................................................37
Caring democracy 4.........................................................................................................................................37
Onderzoek vanuit dit perspectief over eigen kracht conferenties.....................................................................37
Afrondend...........................................................................................................................................................38
Heinz dilemma – scoren......................................................................................................................................38
Stromingen in handelen vanuit sociale rechtvaardigheid: mensenrechten...........................................................38
Introductie...........................................................................................................................................................38
Mensenrechten: definitie................................................................................................................................38
Universele verklaring voor de rechten van de mens......................................................................................39
Drie generaties mensenrechten......................................................................................................................39
Toeziende ogen...............................................................................................................................................40
Grondrechten: definitie...................................................................................................................................40
Welzijnsrechten: definitie...............................................................................................................................41
“Mensenrechten” – “grondrechten” – “welzijnsrechten”..............................................................................41
Mensenrechten in België................................................................................................................................41
Mensenrechten als handelingskader voor het sociaal werk...............................................................................41
Mensenrechten als handelingskader..............................................................................................................41
Stromingen in het handelen vanuit sociale rechtvaardigheid: mensenrechten (deel 2).......................................42
3
, Systeemwereldgericht handelen........................................................................................................................42
Introductie.......................................................................................................................................................42
Onderbescherming..........................................................................................................................................43
Systeemwereldgerichte praktijken.................................................................................................................44
Valkuilen..........................................................................................................................................................46
Leefwereldgericht handelen...............................................................................................................................46
Introductie.......................................................................................................................................................46
Leefwereldgerichte praktijken........................................................................................................................46
Valkuilen..........................................................................................................................................................47
Participatief handelen.........................................................................................................................................47
Introductie.......................................................................................................................................................47
Basisprincipes van participatief handelen.......................................................................................................48
Valkuilen..........................................................................................................................................................48
Politiserend handelen.........................................................................................................................................48
Introductie.......................................................................................................................................................48
Proces van politiserend handelen...................................................................................................................48
Valkuilen..........................................................................................................................................................49
Ontgrenzend handelen........................................................................................................................................49
Introductie.......................................................................................................................................................49
Grenzen binnen het sociaal werk....................................................................................................................49
Grenzen tussen het sociaal werk en andere beroepen..................................................................................49
Geografische grenzen oversteken...................................................................................................................49
Ontregel als dat nodig is..................................................................................................................................50
Handelen vanuit duurzaamheid..............................................................................................................................50
Sociale dimensie van duurzaamheid: ivm de meest kwetsbaren geldt dat........................................................50
Het sociale + het ecologische = duurzaamheid...................................................................................................50
Hoe staan we ervoor – de ecologische dimensie................................................................................................50
Sociale praktijken theorie....................................................................................................................................50
Scheiding van materiële en sociale opheffen = uitgangspunt............................................................................51
Ecologische voetafdruk – globaal perspectief.....................................................................................................51
Hoe staan we ervoor – sociaal-ecologische rechtvaardigheid............................................................................52
Klimaatracisme en (neo)kolonialisme.................................................................................................................52
Planetaire grenzen: Stockholm Resilience Center..............................................................................................52
Vier strategieën om rechtvaardige duurzaamheid te werken en rol sociaal werk.............................................53
Wereldwijde rechtzaken rond klimaat................................................................................................................53
Recht en politiek..............................................................................................................................................53
Sociaal werk, mensenrechten, sociale rechtvaardigheid en duurzaamheid......................................................53
4
, Duurzaamheid = sociale, economische en ecologische dimensies verstrengelen.............................................53
Recht (?) op een gezond leefmilieu (IVRM – EVRM)...........................................................................................54
Artikel 23 grondwet en klimaatzaak...............................................................................................................55
Wetgeving ruimtelijke ordening.....................................................................................................................55
Zwakke duurzaamheid = dominant model.........................................................................................................55
Alternatief en meer wetenschappelijk verantwoord beeld: sterke duurzaamheid...........................................55
Groei of bloei – BBP / BNP in vraag?...................................................................................................................56
Groei en geluk in het westen (utilitaristische maatstaf).....................................................................................56
Trickle down theorie...........................................................................................................................................56
Groene groei of degrowth...................................................................................................................................57
Ecomodernisme vs degrowth..............................................................................................................................57
Mensenrechten, sociale rechtvaardigheid en duurzaamheid............................................................................57
Wegen naar verandering.....................................................................................................................................57
SDG’s: kan je sociale en ecologische onderscheiden?........................................................................................59
Hoe werken SDG’s als kader?..........................................................................................................................59
Opbouw van 17 SDG’s.....................................................................................................................................60
Discussiepunten over SDG – essentiële verschillen in visie............................................................................60
Gent: transitie naar stedelijke systeem..............................................................................................................60
Klimaatverbond Gent 2050 of precaire puzzel...............................................................................................60
Sociale economie en het project Papillon...........................................................................................................61
Environmental justice: voorbeelden...................................................................................................................61
Duurzaamheid in tabelvorm................................................................................................................................61
Co-creatie en participatie: mensenrechten van onderuit...................................................................................62
Toekomst: verhouding mens en natuur? natuur rechtspersoonlijkheid?..........................................................62
Van environmental naar sociaal-ecologische rechtvaardigheid.........................................................................62
Hoe de natuur waarderen? Instrumenteel – relationeel – intrinsiek?...............................................................62
Verbanden met andere rechtvaardigheidsnoties...............................................................................................62
Eigen accenten van duurzaamheidsdenken........................................................................................................63
Actuele ontwikkelingen...........................................................................................................................................63
Neo-filantropie....................................................................................................................................................63
Filantropie: wat?.............................................................................................................................................63
Na WOII: ontwikkeling van gunst naar recht..................................................................................................64
Neo-filantropie: wat?......................................................................................................................................64
Vermaatschappelijking........................................................................................................................................65
Vermaatschappelijking: een containerbegrip.................................................................................................65
Vermaatschappelijking....................................................................................................................................67
Rechtvaardigheidspluralisme..........................................................................................................................68
5
,Vermaatschappelijking: discussie....................................................................................................................69
Goed of slecht?................................................................................................................................................69
6
,INTRODUCTIE
Rechtvaardigheid:
Redenen, de beginselen op basis waarvan men stelt of handelingen juist en eerlijk zijn
Verschillende interpretaties over wat rechtvaardig is
Sommige interpretaties staan lijnrecht tov elkaar
Juist en eerlijk handelen
o Is wat juist is, altijd eerlijk?
o Is wat eerlijk is, altijd juist?
o Wat is juist en wat is eerlijk?
Sociale rechtvaardigheid:
Visies op wat faire en rechtvaardige relaties tussen individu en samenleving zijn
Concept verwijst naar het proces waardoor
o Individuen hun rol (kunnen) vervullen in de samenleving en / of
o Individuen al dan niet krijgen waar ze recht op hebben
Toewezen van rechten en plichten mbt de basisinstituties van een samenleving
o Delen in de lusten: onder welke voorwaarden kan iemand genieten van basisvoorzieningen
o Verdelen van de lasten voor die basisinstituties (wie betaalt?)
Wordt gemeten adhv
o Verdeling van rijkdom
o Kansen op persoonlijke ontwikkeling
o Welke sociale voordelen er zijn voor wie en onder welke voorwaarden
o Gelijkwaardige participatie aan de samenleving
SW en SR: nadruk op vormgeven aan het samenleven via sociaal werk als basisinstitutie met als doel een meer
sociaal rechtvaardige samenleving (relatie met sociale politiek / politisering: meso en macroniveau)
Ethiek / deontologie en sociaal werk: over onze verhouding tot de gebruikers / onze plichtenleer als sociaal
werker (micro en mesoniveau)
Onderling sterk verbonden: normatieve van sociaal werk is gedeeld vertrekpunt
Sociale rechtvaardigheid en rol van de overheid:
Wat is de rol van de overheid in de realisatie van sociale rechtvaardigheid?
Moet de overheid zich richten op burgers met de hoogste nood of op alle burgers?
Mag de overheid een zekere wederkerigheid verwachten en ook burgers aanspreken op
zijn/haar/diens verantwoordelijkheid?
Wat als burgers hun verantwoordelijkheid niet nemen in de realisatie van sociale rechtvaardigheid?
Mogen ze dan gesanctioneerd worden?
Hoe verhoudt de verantwoordelijkheid van een overheid zich tot de verantwoordelijkheid van
burgers? (cf. samenwerkingsvormen van co-creatie en co-productie; publiek-private samenwerking;
principe van ‘liberté subsidiée’)
Sociale rechtvaardigheid en ethiek in sociaal werk:
Global social work statement of ethical principles 2018
9 ethische principes in de verklaring
1. Recognition of the inherent dignity of Humanity
7
, 2. Promoting Human Rights
3. Promoting Social Justice: Social workers have a responsibility to engage people in achieving
social justice, in relation to society generally, and in relation to the people with whom they
work. This means:
3.1 Challenging Discrimination and Institutional Oppression: Social workers promote
social justice in relation to society generally and to the people with whom they work.
Social workers challenge discrimination, which includes but is not limited to age,
capacity, civil status, class, culture, ethnicity, gender, gender, identity, language,
nationality (or lack thereof), opinions, other physical characteristics, physical or
mental abilities, political beliefs, poverty, race, relationship status, religion, sex,
sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, spiritual beliefs, or family structure.
3.2 Respect for Diversity: Social workers work toward strengthening inclusive
communities that respect the ethnic and cultural diversity of societies, taking
account of individual, family, group, and community differences.
3.3 Access to Equitable Resources: Social workers advocate and work toward access
and the equitable distribution of resources and wealth.
3.4 Challenging Unjust Policies and Practices: Social workers work to bring to the
attention of their employers, policymakers, politicians, and the public situations in
which policies and resources are inadequate or in which policies and practices are
oppressive, unfair, or harmful. In doing so, social workers must not be penalized.
Social workers must be aware of situations that might threaten their own safety and
security, and they must make judicious choices in such circumstances. Social workers
are not compelled to act when it would put themselves at risk.
3.5 Building Solidarity: Social workers actively work in communities and with their
colleagues, within and outside of the profession, to build networks of solidarity to
work toward transformational change and inclusive and responsible societies.
4. Promoting the Right to Self-Determination: Social workers respect and promote people’s
rights to make their own choices and decisions, provided this does not threaten the rights
and legitimate interests of others.
5. Promoting the Right to Participation: Social workers work toward building the self-esteem
and capabilities of people, promoting their full involvement and participation in all aspects of
decisions and actions that affect their lives.
6. Respect for confidentiality and privacy
7. Treating People as Whole Persons
8. Ethical use of technology and social media
9. Professional Integrity
Centraal in dit olod
SOCIALE RECHTVAARDIGHEID ALS SOCIAAL-POLITIEK KADER VOOR HET SOCIAAL WERK:
DE ONTWIKKELING VAN “GUNST” NAAR “RECHT”
GEBEURTENISSEN
Onafhankelijkheidsverklaring Amerika:
Burgeroorlog: 4 juli 1776
Strijd voor vrijheid, tegen slavernij, vrijheid voor meer rechten
8
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