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Samenvatting - Media: publiek en effecten
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Samenvatting van Media publiek & effecten deel 1 en deel 2 14/20 gehaald met deze samenvatting
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Samenvatting media: publieken effecten
Inhoudsopgave
DEEL I: PUBLIEK.................................................................................................................................5
1 INLEIDING OP PUBLIEKSDEEL..........................................................................................................5
1.1 MEDIAGEBRUIK IS (DEELS) SELECTIEF...................................................................................................5
A) USES AND GRATIFICATIONS:.......................................................................................................................5
1.2 MEDIA WORDEN GEBRUIKT OM BEHOEFTEN TE BEVREDIGEN.....................................................................5
B) AFFECTGERELATEERDE BEHOEFTEN:.............................................................................................................5
C) PERSOONLIJKHEIDSFACTOREN.....................................................................................................................7
D) PSYCHO/SOCIALE FACTOREN (SOCIOLOGISCHE FACTOREN?).............................................................................7
1.3 MEDIAREPERTORIUM......................................................................................................................8
2 LEEFTIJD EN MEDIAGEBRUIK...........................................................................................................9
2.1 INLEIDING LEEFTIJD.........................................................................................................................9
2.2 LEEFTIJDSGROEP JONGEREN..............................................................................................................9
2.3 COGNITIEVE ONTWIKKELING JONGEREN..............................................................................................10
1) SENSORI-MOTORISCHE FASE:....................................................................................................................10
2) PREOPERATIONELE FASE:.........................................................................................................................10
3) CONCREET-OPERATIONELE FASE:...............................................................................................................11
FORMEEL-OPERATIONELE FASE:....................................................................................................................11
2.4 JONGEREN EN (KLASSIEKE) MEDIA.....................................................................................................12
MEDIAGEBRUIK BABY’S EN PEUTERS 0-2 JAAR (SENSORI-MOTORISCH)..................................................................12
MEDIAGEBRUIK KINDEREN VAN 2-5 JAAR (PRE-OPERATIONEEL)..........................................................................12
MEDIAGEBRUIK KINDEREN VAN 7-11 JAAR (CONCREET-OPERATIONEEL)...............................................................12
MEDIAGEBRUIK KINDEREN: ALGEMENE LEEFTIJDSTRENDS...................................................................................13
MEDIAGEBRUIK ADOLESCENTEN:..................................................................................................................13
2.5 JONGEREN EN “NIEUWE” MEDIA (INTERNET/GAMES)............................................................................13
OFCOM UK..............................................................................................................................................13
APESTAARTJAREN.......................................................................................................................................14
ONLINE KANSEN EN RISICO’S:.......................................................................................................................15
CYBERPESTEN...........................................................................................................................................16
2.6 MEDIA VOLWASSENEN-OUDEREN.....................................................................................................17
MEDIAGEBRUIK JONGVOLWASSENEN:............................................................................................................17
MEDIAGEBRUIK VOLWASSENEN:...................................................................................................................17
MEDIAGEBRUIK OUDEREN:..........................................................................................................................17
2.7 ALGEMENE CIJFERSGEGEVENS (ALLE LEEFTIJDEN)..................................................................................18
EUROBAROMETER......................................................................................................................................18
3 SEKSE/GENDER EN MEDIAGEBRUIK..............................................................................................19
1
,3.1 INLEIDING...................................................................................................................................19
SEKSE/GESLACHT.......................................................................................................................................19
GENDER..................................................................................................................................................19
3.2 GENDERSOCIALISATIE.....................................................................................................................19
GENDER IS AANGELEERD.............................................................................................................................19
MANIEREN/BRONNEN VAN SOCIALISATIE:.......................................................................................................20
3.3 VOORSTELLING VAN MANNEN EN VROUWEN IN DE MEDIA......................................................................20
ONDERVERTEGENWOORDIGING VAN VROUWEN...............................................................................................20
DIVERSITEIT OP VRT:.................................................................................................................................20
VOORSTELLING VAN MANNEN:.....................................................................................................................20
VOORSTELLING VAN VROUWEN:...................................................................................................................20
TENDENZEN MANNEN EN VROUWEN ZENDERS/RECLAME:..................................................................................21
GENDER EN MEDIAGEBRUIK.........................................................................................................................21
4 SOCIALE KLASSE EN MEDIAGEBRUIK.............................................................................................24
4.1 INLEIDING...................................................................................................................................24
SOCIALE KLASSE VANUIT VERSCHILLENDE STANDPUNTEN:...................................................................................24
DEFINITIE KLASSE:......................................................................................................................................24
BURGERIJ.................................................................................................................................................25
ARBEIDERS...............................................................................................................................................25
KLEIN BURGERIJ – MIDDENKLASSE.................................................................................................................25
4.2 KLASSE METING:..........................................................................................................................25
MAATSTAVEN:..........................................................................................................................................25
4.3 KLASSE EN MEDIAGEBRUIK..............................................................................................................25
VERSCHIL IN WIJZE VAN MEDIACONSUMPTIE:..................................................................................................26
4.4 SOCIALE MOBILITEIT......................................................................................................................26
KLASSE VAN CONTEXT:................................................................................................................................27
4.5 VOORSTELLING VAN KLASSE IN DE MEDIA:..........................................................................................28
5 GEZIN EN MEDIAGEBRUIK.............................................................................................................29
5.1 INLEIDING: WAT IS EEN GEZIN?........................................................................................................29
GEZIN VERSUS HUISHOUDEN:.......................................................................................................................29
KENMERKEN VAN GEZIN:.............................................................................................................................29
5.2 VERSCHILLENDE OUDERSCHAPSTIJLEN................................................................................................31
OUDERSCHAPSSTIJLEN................................................................................................................................31
EFFECTEN VAN OUDERSCHAPSSTIJLEN............................................................................................................31
5.3 COMMUNICATIESTIJLEN BINNEN GEZINNEN.........................................................................................31
COMMUNICATIESTIJLEN..............................................................................................................................31
5.4 GEZIN EN MEDIAGEBRUIK...............................................................................................................32
PLAATS VAN MEDIA IN GEZINSTERRITORIUM EN TIJDSINDELING...........................................................................32
INVLOED VAN OUDERS OP MEDIAGEBRUIK KINDEREN........................................................................................33
EFFECTEN VAN MEDIATION..........................................................................................................................33
INVLOEDEN VAN KINDEREN OP OUDERS..........................................................................................................33
INVLOEDEN VAN BROERS EN ZUSSEN OP MEDIAGEBRUIK....................................................................................34
5.5 “EFFECTEN” VAN MEDIA OP GEZINSLEVEN..........................................................................................34
6 ETNICITEIT EN MEDIAGEBRUIK......................................................................................................35
2
,6.1 INLEIDING...................................................................................................................................35
6.2 MEDIA EN ETNISCHE GROEPEN: INVALSHOEKEN....................................................................................35
ROL VAN MEDIA IN EEN MULTICULTURELE SAMENLEVING...................................................................................36
REPRESENTATIE VAN ETNISCHE GROEPEN........................................................................................................36
MEDIAGEBRUIK VAN ETNISCHE GROEPEN:.......................................................................................................36
MEDIAGEBRUIK ANDERE ETNISCHE GROEPEN:.................................................................................................38
ETNISCHE IDENTIFICATIE EN MEDIAGEBRUIK....................................................................................................39
DEEL II: EFFECTEN............................................................................................................................41
7 ALGEMENE INLEIDING MEDIA-EFFECTEN......................................................................................41
7.1 GESCHIEDENIS MEDIA-EFFECTEN ONDERZOEK......................................................................................41
7.2 CLASSIFICATIE VAN MEDIA-EFFECTEN ONDERZOEK:................................................................................41
INHOUD...................................................................................................................................................41
TERMIJN EN DUUR.....................................................................................................................................41
SOORTEN EFFECTEN...................................................................................................................................42
DIRECT VS INDIRECT...................................................................................................................................42
NIVEAU VAN HET EFFECT.............................................................................................................................42
INTENTIE: BEDOELD OF ONBEDOELD..............................................................................................................43
RICHTING.................................................................................................................................................43
VERKLARENDE MECHANISMEN.....................................................................................................................43
7.3 THEORIEËN VOOR DE VERKLARING VAN MEDIA-EFFECTEN (DOOR COGNITIEVE PROCESSEN).............................43
7.4 METHODEN VAN MEDIA-EFFECTENONDERZOEK....................................................................................43
SOORTEN ONDERZOEK................................................................................................................................43
8 MEDIA EN CRIMINALITEIT.............................................................................................................46
8.1 INLEIDING...................................................................................................................................46
8.2 ONDERZOEK: EEN GEBOEID PUBLIEK..................................................................................................46
THEORETISCH MODEL.................................................................................................................................46
METHODEN:.............................................................................................................................................50
RESULTATEN.............................................................................................................................................50
9 MEDIA EN SEKSUALITEIT...............................................................................................................52
9.1 SEKSUALITEIT IN DE MEDIA.............................................................................................................52
SEKSUALITEIT IN DE MAINSTREAM MEDIA.......................................................................................................52
EFFECTEN VAN SEKSUALITEIT IN DE MAINSTREAM MEDIA...................................................................................54
PORNOGRAFIE..........................................................................................................................................55
EFFECTEN VAN PORNOGRAFIE......................................................................................................................55
10 MEDIA EN STEREOTYPERING.......................................................................................................57
10.1 INLEIDING.................................................................................................................................57
SOCIAAL COGNITIEVE BENADERING:...............................................................................................................57
CULTURELE BENADERING:............................................................................................................................58
10.2 INTEGRATIE VAN BEIDEN PERSPECTIEVEN..........................................................................................58
10.3 STEREOTYPE ALS SCHEMA.............................................................................................................59
3
, 10.4 ASSUMPTIES IN VERBAND MET STEREOTYPEN....................................................................................59
DEFINITIE STEREOTYPERING:........................................................................................................................59
FUNCTIES VAN STEREOTYPEN........................................................................................................................60
10.5 STERETYPEN METEN....................................................................................................................60
10.6 STEREOTIEPE MEDIAVOORSTELLINGEN..............................................................................................60
10.7 EFFECTEN VAN (CONTRA)STEREOTIEPE MEDIAVOORSTELLINGEN..............................................................61
THEORETISCHE PERSPECTIEVEN:....................................................................................................................61
11 MEDIA EN GEZONDHEID.............................................................................................................63
11.1 INLEIDING.................................................................................................................................63
THEORIE 1: WAT ZET MENSEN AAN TOT BEPAALD GEDRAG? THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR (AJZEN).......................63
THEORIE 2: WAT ZET MENSEN AAN TOT BEPAALD GEDRAG? PROTOTYPE-WILLINGNESS...........................................64
11.2 ALCOHOLGERELATEERDE MEDIA-INHOUDEN & EFFECTEN OP (DETERMINANTEN VAN) ALCOHOLGEBRUIK...........64
INHOUD ALCOHOLGEBRUIK..........................................................................................................................64
EFFECTEN ALCOHOLGEBRUIK........................................................................................................................64
INVLOED ALCOHOL IN FILM/TV.....................................................................................................................65
ALCOHOL OP SOCIAL MEDIA.........................................................................................................................65
COUNTER COMMUNICATIE...........................................................................................................................66
11.3 ROOKGERELATEERDE MEDIA-INHOUDEN & EFFECTEN OP (DETERMINANTEN VAN) ROOKGEDRAG....................66
TABAKSRECLAME.......................................................................................................................................66
EFFECTEN VAN TABAKSRECLAME...................................................................................................................66
ROKEN IN FILM/OP TV................................................................................................................................67
“EFFECTEN” VAN ROKEN IN FILMS.................................................................................................................67
COUNTER-COMMUNICATIE..........................................................................................................................67
11.4 MEDIAVOORSTELLINGEN VAN RISICOVOL AUTORIJDEN & EFFECTEN OP (DETERMINANTEN VAN) RIJGEDRAG.......68
VOORSTELLING VAN AUTORIJDEN OP TV/FILMS/GAMES....................................................................................68
EFFECTEN VAN MEDIA OP SNEL/DRONKEN AUTORIJDEN.....................................................................................68
11.5 MEDIA-INHOUDEN GERELATEERD AAN VOEDING EN UITERLIJK & EFFECTEN OP (DETERMINANTEN VAN)
EETGEDRAG.......................................................................................................................................68
OBESITAS EN ANOREXIA..............................................................................................................................68
MEDIA EN ZWAARLIJVIGHEID BIJ JONGEREN....................................................................................................69
VOEDINGSRECLAME...................................................................................................................................69
KOOKPROGRAMMA’S (EN ANDERE MEDIA-INHOUDEN ROND VOEDING)................................................................69
VOORSTELLING VOEDING (NIET-KOOKGERELATEERDE) TV-PROGRAMMA’S.............................................................69
EFFECTEN VAN VOEDINGSRECLAME (EN TV-VOORSTELLINGEN)...........................................................................69
MEDIA EN ANOREXIA.................................................................................................................................70
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