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Samenvatting - Nieuws en journalistiek
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Samenvatting nieuws en journalistiek 15/20 behaald
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Samenvatting nieuws enjournalistiek
Inhoudsopgave
1 NIEUWSGEBRUIK............................................................................................................................5
1.1 TRENDS IN NIEUWSGEBRUIK..............................................................................................................5
IMEC DIGIMETER DATA OVER 2021:................................................................................................................5
DIGITAL NEWS REPORT TRENDS:.....................................................................................................................5
NIEUWSGEBRUIK.BE 9 TRENDS (TEKST 1):........................................................................................................6
SERENDIPITEIT EN INCIDENTELE NIEUWSCONSUMPTIE.........................................................................................6
NIEUWSMIJDING EN NIEUWSMOEHEID (TEKST 2)...............................................................................................7
CONCLUSIE/SAMENVATTING LES:....................................................................................................................7
2 HET NIEUWSMEDIALANDSCHAP.....................................................................................................8
2.1 INTRO..........................................................................................................................................8
HOE WORDT JOURNALISTIEK GEFINANCIERD?....................................................................................................8
BEPERKTE BETAALBEREIDHEID (1)...................................................................................................................8
DALENDE RECLAME-INKOMSTEN (2)................................................................................................................8
2.2 HET VERDIENMODEL VAN NIEUWSMEDIA ONDER DRUK............................................................................8
BUSINESS MODEL STEUNDE OP 3 CONDITIES.....................................................................................................8
ECONOMIE VAN HET NIEUWS.........................................................................................................................9
NIEUWS ALS CONSUMPTIEGOED.....................................................................................................................9
CONCURRENTIE IN DE AANDACHTSECONOMIE....................................................................................................9
ECONOMIE VAN NIEUWS...............................................................................................................................9
2.3 MEDIACONCENTRATIE IN VLAANDEREN..............................................................................................10
4 VORMEN VAN INTEGRATIE EN CONCENTRATIE:...............................................................................................10
HET NIEUWSMEDIALANDSCHAP IN VLAANDEREN..............................................................................................10
KLASSIEKE NIEUWSMERKEN DOMINEREN OOK ONLINE.......................................................................................11
2.4 MEDIABELEID EN PERSSTEUN...........................................................................................................11
3 WAT IS (DE ROL VAN) JOURNALISTIEK?.........................................................................................12
3.1 DEFINITIE EN PROFIEL VAN ‘JOURNALISTEN’ (DE JOURNALISTIEK ALS PROFESSIE)...........................................12
BESCHERMDE TITEL VAN ‘BEROEPSJOURNALIST’...............................................................................................12
PROFIEL EN WERKVOORWAARDEN VAN DE BELGISCHE BEROEPSJOURNALIST..........................................................12
3.2 FUNCTIES VAN DE JOURNALISTIEK (DE JOURNALISTIEK ALS INSTITUUT).......................................................13
DE PERS ALS SOCIALE INSTELLING: WAT ZIJN DE FUNCTIES VAN JOURNALISTIEK? WAARVOOR DIENT DE JOURNALISTIEK?. 13
POLITIEKE ROLLEN VAN JOURNALISTIEK IN EEN DEMOCRATIE...............................................................................13
ANDERE ROLLEN VAN JOURNALISTIEK (IN HET DAGELIJKS LEVEN).........................................................................14
3.3 ETHIEK VAN DE JOURNALISTIEK (DE JOURNALISTIEKE DEONTOLOGIE).........................................................15
10 ELEMENTS OF JOURNALISM.....................................................................................................................15
DE CODE VAN DE RAAD VOOR DE JOURNALISTIEK............................................................................................16
3.4 HET BELANG VAN PERSVRIJHEID EN BERSCHERMING VAN JOURNALISTEN....................................................19
,4 GATEKEEPING...............................................................................................................................20
4.1 VROEGE GATEKEEPING-STUDIES........................................................................................................20
STUDIE: WHITE (1950).............................................................................................................................20
STUDIE: BREED (1955)..............................................................................................................................21
4.2 MIDDEPERIODE: REDACTIESTUDIES....................................................................................................22
4.3 LATE GATEKEEPING-STUDIES............................................................................................................23
STUDIE: HERMAN & CHOMSKY (1988).........................................................................................................23
4.4 GATEKEEPING VANDAAG.................................................................................................................24
SCHOENMAKER & REESE (1996): INTEGRATIE IN HET HIËRARCHIE VAN INVLOEDEN MODEL:.....................................24
GATEKEEPING IN DE NETWERKMAATSCHAPPIJ..................................................................................................24
GATEKEEPING: INVLOEDEN OP HET SELECTIEPROCES OP 5 NIVEAUS......................................................................24
5 NIEUWSWAARDEN........................................................................................................................25
5.1 WAT IS NIEUWS?..........................................................................................................................25
DEFINITIES VAN NIEUWS.............................................................................................................................25
6 CRITERIA VOLGENS NICHOLAS LATAIRE: DIT IS NIEUWS:..................................................................................25
5.2 WAT ZIJN NIEUWSWAARDEN?.........................................................................................................25
1. GALTUN & RUGE: PIONIERSSTUDIE...........................................................................................................26
2. KEPPLINGER & EHMIG: NIEUWSFACTORENTHEORIE......................................................................................27
3. HARCUP & O’NEILL: NIEUWSWAARDEN ALS CONSTRUCT..............................................................................28
4. BEDNAREK & CAPLE: DISCURSIEVE-NIEUWSWAARDENTHEORIE........................................................................28
5.3 CONCLUSIE..................................................................................................................................29
6 JOURNALISTIEK BRONNENGEBRUIK..............................................................................................30
6.1 ACHTER DE SCHERMEN VAN DE NIEUWSREDACTIE (VIDEO)......................................................................30
6.2 “BRONNENHIËRARCHIE” IN JOURNALISTIEK.........................................................................................30
KRITIEK OP JOURNALISTIEK:.........................................................................................................................30
6.3 VANDAAG: JOURNALISTIEK BRONNENGEBRUIK (MIDDENPERIODE: REDACTIESTUDIES)....................................31
MARK FISHMAN (1980): BELANG VAN ‘BEATS’, SPECIALISATIEDOMEIN.................................................................31
GANS (1978): STUDIE NAAR JOURNALISTIEKE ROUTINES EN RELATIES MET HUN BRONNEN.......................................31
6.4 JOURNALISTIEK BRONNENGEBRUIK BEVOORDEELT DE MACHTHEBBERS........................................................32
STUART HALL:..........................................................................................................................................32
6.5 CONCLUSIE/OVERZICHT.................................................................................................................33
7 JOURNALISTIEKE OBJECTIVITEIT....................................................................................................34
7.1 WAT IS OBJECTIVITEIT?..................................................................................................................34
7.2 DE ‘UITVINDING’ VAN JOURNALISTIEKE OBJECTIVITEIT............................................................................34
7.3 UITGANGSPUNTEN........................................................................................................................34
7.4 HET OBJECTIVITEITSREGIME.............................................................................................................35
7.5 DE JOURNALISTIEKE OBJECTIVITEIT ALS METHODE.................................................................................35
1. OBJECTIVITEIT ALS PRINCIPE (SET VAN NORMEN)..........................................................................................35
2. OBJECTIVITEIT ALS PRAKTIJK (SET VAN ROUTINES).........................................................................................35
3. OBJECTIVITEIT ALS FORMAT (SET VAN TEKSTUELE CONVENTIES).......................................................................36
7.6 HET JOURNALISTIEKE OBJECTIVITEITSREGIME.......................................................................................36
7.7 KRITIEK OP OBJECTIVITEITSREGIME....................................................................................................36
,8 ONPARTIJDIGHEID........................................................................................................................37
8.1 JOURNALISTIEKE OBJECTIVITEIT........................................................................................................37
8.2 BALANS EN ACTORDIVERSITEIT.........................................................................................................37
8.3 CODE RAAD VOOR DE JOURNALISTIEK................................................................................................38
8.4 IDEOLOGISCHE EN LEVENSBESCHOUWELIJKE ONPARTIJDIGHEID.................................................................38
ONPARTIJDIGHEID IN HET TELEVISIENIEUWS....................................................................................................39
8.5 HET NEUTRALITEITSPRINCIPE: STUDIE OJALA.......................................................................................41
9 GASTCOLLEGE: HOE JOURNALISTEN OMGAAN MET FAKE NEWS...................................................42
9.1 EEN KWESTIE VAN VERTROUWEN:.....................................................................................................42
9.2 BONDGENOTEN VAN FAKE NEWS:.....................................................................................................42
JOURNALISTEN LATE ZICH TE VEEL WIJSMAKEN.................................................................................................42
WE LATEN ONS TEVEEL OPJAGEN..................................................................................................................42
WE LATEN ONS TEVEEL AFLEIDEN..................................................................................................................43
WE LATEN ONS TEVEEL AFGLIJDEN................................................................................................................43
WE LATEN ONS TEVEEL OPNAAIEN................................................................................................................43
9.3 FAKE NEWS.................................................................................................................................43
10 AGENDASETTING & POLARISERING.............................................................................................44
10.1 INLEIDING.................................................................................................................................44
10.2 A LOOK AT AGENDA-SETTING.........................................................................................................45
FASE 1: MCCOMBS & SHAW (CHAPEL HILL-STUDIE).......................................................................................45
FASE 2: AGENDA-SETTING OP 2 NIVEAUS.......................................................................................................46
FIRST-LEVEL AGENDASETTING (FASE 1)...........................................................................................................46
ISSUE SALIENCE:........................................................................................................................................46
WELKE ONDERWERPEN EN THEMA’S KRIJGEN MEDIA-AANDACHT (EN WELKE NIET)?...............................................46
FOCUS LIGT OP “WHAT TO THINK ABOUT”......................................................................................................46
SECOND-LEVEL AGENDASETTING (= FRAMING-ONDERZOEK L ES 11).....................................................................46
ATTRIBUTE SALIENCE:.................................................................................................................................46
HOE WORDT ER OVER DE THEMA’S GESPROKEN? WIE WORDT ALS GELOOFWAARDIG VOORGESTELD?........................46
MET WELKE THEMA’S EN ACTOREN WORDT HET ONDERWERP GEASSOCIEERD? (= ISSUE OWNERSHIP)........................46
HOE WORDT HET ONDERWERP AAN HET PUBLIEK GEPRESENTEERD, WELKE ASPECTEN OVER HET ONDERWERP WORDEN
BENADRUKT? ( FRAMING)...........................................................................................................................46
FOCUS LIGT OP: “HOW TO THINK ABOUT THE ISSUE”........................................................................................46
..............................................................................................................................................................46
FASE 3: DE PSYCHOLOGIE VAN AGENDA-SETTING-EFFECTEN................................................................................46
POLARISTERING DOOR SOCIAL MEDIA?...........................................................................................................46
FASE 4: WIE BEPAALT DE MEDIA-AGENDA?....................................................................................................48
FASE 5: GEVOLGEN VAN AGENDA-SETTING......................................................................................................49
10.3 OVERZICHT 5 FASEN....................................................................................................................49
11 FRAMING....................................................................................................................................51
11.1 INELDING..................................................................................................................................51
11.2 WAT IS FRAMING?......................................................................................................................51
FRAMING DOOR 2 BRILLEN..........................................................................................................................51
, DEFINITIE FRAMING...................................................................................................................................51
‘EMPHASIS FRAMING’ & ‘EQUIVALENCE FRAMING’...........................................................................................52
FRAMING ALS PROCES................................................................................................................................54
SOORTEN FRAMES.....................................................................................................................................54
GENERIEKE FRAMES: FRAMES DIE ONGEACHT HET ONDERWERP ALTIJD WORDEN GEBRUIKT DOOR MEDIA....................54
THEMASPECIFIEKE FRAMES (ISSUE FRAMES): SPECIFIEKE FRAME VAN EEN THEMA, ER WORDT MAAR 1 THEMA
ONDERZOCHT............................................................................................................................................55
VOORBEELD ONDERZOEK NAAR FRAMES BIJ HET THEMA MIGRATIE (4 HOOFDFRAMES EN 7 BIJFRAMES)......................55
INDRINGER FRAME: HET BRENGT PROBLEMEN MET ZICH MEE, HET ZET DRUK OP ONZE SAMENLEVING EN BELEID EN
ECONOMIE...............................................................................................................................................55
FRAMINGTHEORIE ALS EFFECTTHEORIE...........................................................................................................55
11.3 CONCLUSIE................................................................................................................................57
12 GASTCOLLEGE FRAMING.............................................................................................................58
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