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BIOS 252 Final Exam Review 20213/2024 already graded A+
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BIOS 252 Final Exam Review 20213/2024 already graded A+
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BIOS 252 Final Exam ReviewWhat are the three types of muscle tissue? - ANSSkeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth
What are characteristics of skeletal muscle? - ANSStriated, voluntary, multinucleated, somatic
nervous system control
What are characteristics of smooth muscle? - ANSNon-striated, involuntary, uninucleated,
autonomic nervous control
What are characteristics of cardiac muscle? - ANSStriated, branching, uninucleated, involuntary,
autonomic nervous control, intercalated discs (gap junctions)
What is the thick filament? - ANSMyosin
What is the thin filament? - ANSActin
What are mediating proteins of muscle tissue? - ANSTroponin and Tropomyosin
What does Calcium bind to? - ANSTroponin
Where does Calcium come from? - ANSSarcoplasmic Reticulum
When Calcium binds to Troponin, what happens? - ANSThere is a confirmational change
wherein Troponin moves Tropomyosin away so that Myosin can bind to Actin
What are characteristics of all muscles? - ANSElectrical excitability, extensibility, elasticity,
contractility
What are the three meninges from outer to inner, including spaces? - ANSDura Mater,
Arachnoid Mater, Subarachnoid Space (where CSF is found), Pia Mater (directly attached to
spinal cord and brain)
What is the filum terminale? - ANSAn extension of the Pia Mater which attaches the spinal cord
to coccygeal segment
What is an isometric contraction? - ANSLength of muscle does not change, but tension does
What is an isotonic contraction? - ANSLength of muscle changes, but tension does not
What is a concentric isotonic contraction? - ANSMuscle shortens
, What is an eccentric isotonic contraction? - ANSMuscle lengthens
What is an agonist? - ANSPrime mover
What is an antagonist? - ANSOpposes action of the prime mover
What is a synergist? - ANSAn "assistant" or "helper" muscle to the agonist
What is a fixator? - ANSStabilizes muscles
What is the origin? - ANSPoint of origin for a muscle with NO movement
What is the insertion - ANSWhere the muscle inserts, non-stable end where most of the
movement associated with the muscle is performed
In a first class lever system, what is in the middle? - ANSFulcrum
In a second class lever system, what is in the middle? - ANSLoad
In a third class lever system, what is in the middle? - ANSEffort
What are the neuroglial cells of the CNS and their functions? - ANSAstrocytes (blood brain
barrier), Oligodendrocytes (myelinator--can myelinate MULTIPLE CNS neuron axons), Microglial
(phagocyte/clean-up cells), Ependymal Cell (CSF production)
What are the neuroglial cells of the PNS and their functions? - ANSSatellite cells (cover the
surface of nerve cell bodies in sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic ganglia), Schwann
cells (myelinator--only myelinates ONE PNS cell)
Saltatory conduction happens in which type of neuron? Is this fast or slow conudction? -
ANSMyelinated neurons, fast
Continuous conduction happens in which type of neuron? Is this fast or slow conduction? -
ANSUnmyelinated neurons, slow
What are the special senses? - ANSSight, hearing, taste, balance, smell
What are the three divisions of the ear? - ANSExternal ear (auricle, external auditory meatus,
tympanic membrane), Middle ear (incus, malleus, stapes, eustachian tube), Inner ear (cochlea,
vestibule, semicircular canals)
What is the flow of information in hearing? - ANSExternal ear to middle ear to inner ear,
transcribed into electrical impulse by cochlea which contains hearing receptors in the organ of
Corti in the scala media, carried by cranial nerve VIII to temporal lobe for interpretation
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