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How far do you agree that The impact of the Black Consciousness Movement posed the most significant threat to the National Party’s control in South Africa in the years 1968–78?$6.16
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Unit 2F.2 - South Africa, 1948-94: from apartheid state to -rainbow nation\' (PH10)
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How far do you agree that The impact of the Black Consciousness Movement posed the most significant threat to the National Party’s control in South Africa in the years 1968–78?
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Unit 2F.2 - South Africa, 1948-94: from apartheid state to -rainbow nation\' (PH10)
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PEARSON (PEARSON)
How far do you agree that The impact of the Black Consciousness Movement posed the most significant threat to the National Party’s control in South Africa in the years 1968–78?
Comprehensive essay plan for A level History 2F.2 South Africa: from apartheid state to rainbow nation
Unit 2F.2 - South Africa, 1948-94: from apartheid state to -rainbow nation' (PH10)
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The impact of the Black Consciousness Movement posed the most significant threat to the National Party’s
control in South Africa in the years 1968–78.’
Intro:
- BCM, economic threats, international opposition
- Economic & international significant to an extent – however, only threatened control 1980s
o 1985 ‘disinvestment’, US banks refuse to renew loans
o 1980 UN comprehensive cultural & academic boycott of SA
- BCM most significant because:
o widespread, united opposition, mobilised new groups, caused 1976 Soweto Uprising,
received international attention, highlighted flaws of apartheid
P1: BCM
- Redefined ‘blackness’
o Africans, Indians & Coloured people could relate & participate
Mobilized new groups, Indians/coloured participated (e.g. Uni of Western Cape)
o English press, Afrikaners & even gov replaced ‘bantu’ with ‘black’ – changes imply gov felt
pressure from BCM
o Undermined foundations of apartheid (displayed unity)
- Appealed to new groups – increased scale of opposition
o Media, SA Black Theatre Union (1972), black poets, slogans (‘black is beautiful’)
o Unified oppressed, psychological liberation
o Unity shown by 1972 Black People’s Convention (1,400 delegates from 145 groups)
- Highlighted flaws of apartheid
o Education (1959 Extension of Bantu Education Act, unequal, overcrowded, poor quality)
1972 Abraham Onkgopotse Tiro speech attacking Turfloop uni for inequalities &
discrimination expelled, implies threat
o Soweto – 1974 Transvaal Bantu Education, Treurnicht, Afrikaans
- Received international attention
o Steve Biko’s funeral (died 12th Sept 1977) – >10,000 attended including foreign ambassadors
Key BCM leader
- Mobilised youth
o SASO 1969 (Biko = president), more radical – uniquely appealed to students
o 1976 Soweto – large (16th June 2,000), long-lasting
August 1976 Mashinini, Soweto Students’ Representative Council
Gov. suppression indicates threat = severe
575 died, leaders imprisoned (Terror Lekota), most violence since
Sharpeville
- Most significant because: threatened apartheid ideology, helped to turn public opinion vs NP, Soweto
threat to political stability
o Can argue Soweto not solely due to BCM (1974 Treurnicht, growth of African education)
however, BCM = key cause, directly opposed apartheid & sparked youth
mobilisation (unprecedented scale)
o Can argue gov suppressed (March 1973 banning orders vs SASO, 1975 SASO-9 trial)
However, didn’t stifle activity (this occurred before Soweto)
Suppression provoked outcry (e.g. Biko death)
o Can argue short-term impact (Leaders imprisoned, 4,000 youths fled)
However, ideological shift = long-term, even if mobilization short-term still
significant threat to NP control in period
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