Summary study book Cultures and Organizations - software of the mind of Geert Hofstede, Gert Jan Hofstede, Michael Minkov (Hoofdstukken 1 t/m 10) - ISBN: 9780071664189, Edition: 3, Year of publication: 2010
(Specific to individual) {Personality} (inherited and learned)
(Specific to group) {Culture} (Learned)
(Universal) {Human Nature} (Inherited)
Union model ( from the outer layer to the inner layer)
- Symbols ( words, gestures, pictures, or objects that carry a particular meaning that is
recognized as such only by those who share the culture)
- Heroes
- Rituals (collective activities that are technically superfluous to reach desired ends, but that
within a culture)
- Practices * (they are visible to an outsider)
- Values (centre) feelings with an added arrow indicating a plus and minus side)
4 examples:
- evil vs good
- dirty vs clean
- dangerous vs safe
- ugly vs beautiful
* Throughout the first three layers
Hemeostatis – Parents pass on their education which they perceived whether they wanted this or
not.
Xenophobia - scared of a other race (whites scared of blacks e.g.)
In-group (we) and out-group (they)
Different levels of culture:
- national level
- gender level
- social class level
- for those who are employed, organizational, departmental, and/ or corporate levels
Sources of Differences Between Countries and Groups
- History
- Identity (language, religion, visible)
- Values (software of the minds invisible)
- Institutions (rules, laws, organizations, visible)
,Hoofdstuk 2
4 basic problem area’s developed by Inkeles and Levison
- Social inequality, including the relationship with authority (PDI)
- The relationship between the individual and the group (IDV)
- Concepts of masculinity and femininity (MAS)
- The ways of dealing with uncertainties and ambiguity (UAI)
Chinese Value Survey
Fourth dimension was not in relation with the fourth dimension of IBM. It contained short-term and
long-term orientation (LTO).
Note: short-term versus long-term orientation was added as fifth dimension by Geert Hofstede
(IBM).
The so-called Big Five personality test
O = Openness to experience versus rigidity
C = Conscientiousness versus undependability
E = Extraversion versus introversion
A = Agreeableness versus ill-temperedness
N = Neuroticism versus emotional stability
The seven country levels of Schwartz:
1. Conservatism
2. Hierarchy
3. Mastery
4. Affective autonomy
5. Intellectual autonomy
6. Egalitarian commitment
7. Harmony
Another large-scale application of the dimensions paradigm is the GLOBE (Global Leadership and
Organizational Behavior Effectiveness) by Rober J. House
Instead of five dimension of Hofstede he made nine:
1. Power distance
2. Uncertainty avoidance
3. Institutional collectivism
4. In-group collectivism
5. Assertiveness
6. Gender egalitarianism
7. Future orientation
8. Humane orientation
9. Performance orientation
From a European Values Survey to an World Values Survey (WVS), initiator was Ronald Inglehart.
2 main factors:
- Well being versus survival
- Secular-rational versus traditional authority
, Misho Minkov took over the WVS and extracted 3 dimensions
1. Exclusionism versus universalism
2. Indulgence versus restraint (IVR)
3. Monumentalism versus flexhumility
Note: Indulgence versus restraint (IVR) was added as sixth dimension.
Culture differences according to:
- Region, ethnicity and religion
- Gender
- Generation
- Social classes
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