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Samenvatting Milieu-economie en -beleid
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Samenvatting van het vak 'Milieu-economie en -beleid' (1e Ma IMMITE, Universiteit Gent)
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2023Samenvatting milieueconomie en -beleid
,Milieueconomie en -beleid
INHOUD
Les 1: inleiding – bouwstenen ................................................................................................................. 6
1.1. Collapse ................................................................................................................................... 6
1.2. Wolken aan de horizon ........................................................................................................... 6
1.3. Collapse II ................................................................................................................................ 7
1.4. Early warnings ......................................................................................................................... 7
1.5. IPAT.......................................................................................................................................... 7
1.6. Milieu-Kuznetscurve ................................................................................................................ 8
1.7. Ontkoppeling ........................................................................................................................... 8
Les 2: modellering van het milieuprobleem (H3) .................................................................................... 9
2.1. Basisbegrippen ............................................................................................................................. 9
2.1.1. Inleiding ................................................................................................................................. 9
2.1.2. Basisbegrippen ...................................................................................................................... 9
2.2. De consument ............................................................................................................................ 10
2.2.1. Inleiding ............................................................................................................................... 10
2.2.2. Individuele vraagfunctie ...................................................................................................... 10
2.1.3. Prijselasticiteit ..................................................................................................................... 10
2.1.4. Verschuiving van de vraagfunctie ....................................................................................... 11
2.1.5. Inkomenselasticiteit ............................................................................................................ 11
2.1.6. Bereidheid tot betalen (BTB) ............................................................................................... 11
2.1.7. Optimale verdeling .............................................................................................................. 12
2.1.8. Marktvraag .......................................................................................................................... 12
2.2. De producent .............................................................................................................................. 13
2.2.1. Inleiding ............................................................................................................................... 13
2.2.2. Aanbodcurve ....................................................................................................................... 13
2.2.3. Prijselasticiteit (aanbod) ...................................................................................................... 13
2.2.4. Marktaanbod ....................................................................................................................... 14
2.2.5. Optimale verdeling .............................................................................................................. 14
2.4. Marktevenwicht ......................................................................................................................... 15
2.4.1. Evenwichtsmechanisme ...................................................................................................... 15
2.4.2. Onzichtbare hand ................................................................................................................ 15
2.5. Maatschappelijke welvaart ........................................................................................................ 15
2.5.1. Welvaartsanalyses ............................................................................................................... 15
2.5.2. Economische efficiëntie ...................................................................................................... 16
1
, 2.5.3. Welvaartsanalyse ................................................................................................................ 16
Les 3: modellering van het milieupbeleid – basismodel van de milieu-economie (H4)........................ 18
3.1. Milieuverstoringsketen .............................................................................................................. 18
3.2. Inleiding op het basismodel van de milieu-economie................................................................ 18
3.3. Voorwaarden voor goede marktwerking ................................................................................... 18
3.3.1. Eigendomsrechten............................................................................................................... 18
3.3.2. Perfecte concurrentie .......................................................................................................... 19
3.3.3. Perfecte informatie ............................................................................................................. 20
3.4. Milieuproblemen benaderd als externaliteit ............................................................................. 20
3.4.1. Definitie ............................................................................................................................... 20
3.4.2. Technologische vs pecuniaire externaliteiten ..................................................................... 21
3.4.3. Welvaartsverliezen door externaliteiten............................................................................. 22
3.5. Milieu als publiek goed............................................................................................................... 22
3.5.1. Overheidsinterventie........................................................................................................... 22
3.5.2. Optimale hoeveelheid ......................................................................................................... 22
3.5.3. Gebruik regelen en aanbod financieren .............................................................................. 23
3.5.4. Milieu als publiek goed ........................................................................................................ 23
3.6. Bestrijdingskosten en schadekosten .......................................................................................... 24
3.6.1. Optimaal niveau van vervuiling ........................................................................................... 24
3.6.2. Bestrijdingskosten (BK) ........................................................................................................ 24
3.6.3. Schadekosten (SK) ............................................................................................................... 24
3.6.4. Onderscheid ........................................................................................................................ 24
3.6.5. Hoe waarderen? .................................................................................................................. 25
3.7. Basismodel van de milieu-economie.......................................................................................... 25
3.7.1. Optimaal niveau van milieubehoud .................................................................................... 25
3.7.2. Welvaartsverliezen .............................................................................................................. 25
3.7.3. Dynamisch karakter van het optimaal niveau ..................................................................... 26
3.7.4. Pareto-relevante vs Pareto-irrelevante externaliteiten ...................................................... 26
3.7.5. Realisatie optimaal niveau van vervuiling q* ...................................................................... 26
Les 3b: Analyse van het milieubeleid – meten van baten (H10 & H11) ................................................ 27
3.8. Inleiding ...................................................................................................................................... 27
3.8.1. Vraagfunctie milieugoederen .............................................................................................. 27
3.8.2. WTP vs WTA ........................................................................................................................ 27
3.9. Soorten baten ............................................................................................................................. 28
3.9.1. TEW vs Intrinsieke waarde .................................................................................................. 28
3.9.2. Soorten baten ...................................................................................................................... 28
2
, 3.10. Methodes van economische waardering ................................................................................. 28
3.10.1. Benaderingen .................................................................................................................... 28
3.10.2. Kostenschattingen ............................................................................................................. 29
3.10.3. Productiviteitsmethode..................................................................................................... 29
3.10.4. Gereveleerde voorkeursmethoden ................................................................................... 30
3.10.5. Uitgedrukte voorkeursmethode........................................................................................ 31
3.11. Waardenoverdracht en referentiewaarden ............................................................................. 32
3.11.1. Waardenoverdracht .......................................................................................................... 32
Les 4: Decentrale milieubeleidsinstrumenten (H6 & H7) ...................................................................... 33
4.1. Evaluatiecriteria voor milieubeleidsinstrumenten (H6) ............................................................. 33
4.1.1. Inleiding ............................................................................................................................... 33
4.1.2. Efficiëntie ............................................................................................................................. 33
4.1.3. Effectiviteit .......................................................................................................................... 34
4.1.4. Andere criteria..................................................................................................................... 34
4.2. Decentrale milieubeleidsinstrumenten ...................................................................................... 36
4.2.1. Inleiding ............................................................................................................................... 36
4.2.2. Indeling milieubeleidsinstrumenten ................................................................................... 36
4.2.3. Decentrale milieubeleidsinstrumenten ............................................................................... 37
Les 5: centrale milieubeleidsinstrumenten ........................................................................................... 43
5.1. Milieunormen ............................................................................................................................. 43
5.1.1. Soorten normen/ - standaarden/ command- and control .................................................. 43
5.1.2. Evaluatie .............................................................................................................................. 43
5.1.3. Wanneer normen/ standaarden/ command-and-control? ................................................. 44
5.2. Milieubelastingen en -subsidies ................................................................................................. 44
5.2.1. Heffingen/ belastingen ........................................................................................................ 44
5.2.2. Subsidies .............................................................................................................................. 47
5.3. Intermezzo A: dynamische efficiëntie ........................................................................................ 48
5.3.1. Norm vs heffing: dynamische efficiëntie + overheid is niet dynamisch ............................. 48
5.3.2. Norm vs heffing: dynamische efficiëntie + overheid is wel dynamisch .............................. 48
5.3.3. Dynamische efficiëntie doorheen de tijd ............................................................................ 48
5.4. Milieuheffingen in de praktijk .................................................................................................... 49
5.5. Verhandelbare emissierechten (VER)......................................................................................... 50
5.5.1. Evaluatie .............................................................................................................................. 51
5.6. EU ETS ......................................................................................................................................... 51
5.7. Convenanten .............................................................................................................................. 52
5.7.1. Evaluatie .............................................................................................................................. 52
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