Nutri Sci 631 - Exam 3 – Diabetes Questions and Answers

Nutri Sci 631 - Exam 3 – Diabetes Questions and Answers What pancreatic cells product hormones? Which subtypes of cells produce which hormones? - ANS ️️ Islets of Langerhans - alpha cells = glucagon - beta cells = insulin - delta cells = somatostatin - F cell = pancreatic polypeptide How do insulin, glucagon, cortisol, GH, and epinephrine affect blood glucose respectively? - ANS ️️ insulin = uptake of blood glucose during fed state glucagon = release glucose (from glycogen) into blood during fasting state cortisol = increase during stress GH = increase during growth, sleep, exercise epinephrine = increase during stress, fight or flight Is insulin an anabolic or catabolic hormone? glucagon? - ANS ️️ insulin = anabolic, glucagon = catabolic How does insulin affect CHO, fat, and protein metabolism? - ANS ️️ CHO = transport of blood glucose into cells when levels are high, binds to membrane- bound receptor, movement of GLUT4 transporters to plasma membrane fat = GLUT4 uptake of glucose, stored as fat (FA synthesis) protein = active transport of amino acids from blood to muscle, promotes protein synthesis (positive nitrogen balance) Is insulin or glucagon release ever completely shut off? - ANS ️️ no What causes diabetes (general)? - ANS ️️ defects in insulin production, action, or both that lead to glucose intolerance What are the five measurements that can diagnose DM? - ANS ️️ 1) glycated hemoglobin assays (HgA1C) - measures average glucose concentration over past 2 to 3 months 2) fasting plasma glucose - measures both glucose after at least 8 hrs fasting 3) oral glucose tolerance test - standard screening for gestational diabetes 4) Islet cell autoantibodies - valuable to screen for individuals at high risk of T1DM