COMPLETE TEST BANK: Fundamentals of Molecular Virology 2nd Edition by Nicholas H. Acheson Latest Version.
Test Bank for Fundamentals of Molecular Virology 2nd edition by Acheson, ISBN: 9780470900598, All 37 Chapters Covered | Complete Solution Guide.
Fundamentals of Molecular Virology 2nd edition by Acheson - Test Bank, All 37 Chapters Covered, Verified Latest Edition
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Wageningen University (WUR)
MSc Biotechnology
Molecular Virology (VIR30306)
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Lecture 1 - Introduction
Virus
= genetic entities (RNA or DNA) protect by protein coat , sometimes also a lipid membrane
which uses the synthesizing system of host witch has pathological effects on the host cell
all organisms have
viruses
Pathogens smaller than virus:
- Viroid = only RNA, circular, disease making
- Prions = disease making proteins, misformed
Composition of a virus
- viral genome (RNA or DNA)
- protein shell, made up from CPs
= coat proteins
- lipid membrane / envelope
- GP = envelope glycoprotein
Baltimore classification
= Classification based on how viruses make
+mRNA from their genomic material.
-ssRNA → viral RNA polymerase needed
Protein coat
Why subunits: coat proteins (CPs)
- saving genetic space on small genome
- increasing genetic stability (smaller gene → lower risk for mutation)
- easy (dis)assembly
- symmetric → minimal energy & less visible for immune system
,Function protein coat
- protection of genetic material
- recognition and penetration of the host cell
Structure
The higher the fold, the more spherical the protein coat will be
T=3 icosahedral capsid protein T=16 icosahedral capsid protein
pentameres = 12 asymmetric units = 5*12 = 60 capsid proteins = 60*T
T=triangulation, the higher the T → bigger particle
because capsid proteins are the same size
Entry of virus into the cell
1. Attachment
2. (internalization in endosomes)
3. Fusion
4. Transport
,Lecture 2 - Plant viruses (+mRNA)
The eukaryotic protein translation system Plant viral ss(+) RNA genome organization
The plant translational machinery only multiple ORFs
translate monocistronic messengers
(mRNAs) = one open reading frame (ORF)
ORF1 replication
(polymerase, helicase, methyl transferase)
ORF2 movement
UTR = untranslated region ORF3 encapsidation (coat proteins)
viral mRNA needs to mimic the eukaryotic mRNA
Strategies to overcome differences in mRNA:
1. Segmentation one ORF per mRNA
2. Subgenomic one ORF mRNA split of from
RNAs the main mRNA
3. Read-through only part of mRNA is
translation transcribed due to weak
start/stop codon
4. Frame shifting ribosome shifts to another
ORF so not all ORF translated
5. Polyprotein transcribed as one protein,
then processed into multiple
, Potato virus Y (PVY) Potato leafroll virus (PLRV)
5. Polyprotein
part of polyprotein can be protease → cuts
others (trans) or itself (cis)
2. Subgenomic RNAs
3. Read-through translation
4. Frame shifting
5. Polyprotein
Infection cycle
Virus entrance
Mechanical rupture in the cuticle caused by:
- Piercing → aphid, whitefly, thrips, nematode
- Biting → beetle
- Handling of plants
no receptor-mediated endocytosis like with animal-infecting viruses
Replication & translation
First translate protein needed for
replication
→ co-translational disassembly
Then +ssRNA → -ssRNA → +ssRNA
→ co-replicational disassembly
Translation of
movement/encapsidation proteins
Then assembly of new viruses
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