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Samenvatting - Sociale psychologie
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SOCIALE PSYCHOLOGIEInhoudsopgave
1 hoofdstuk 1: wat is sociale psychologie...................................5
1.1 maar wat is nu sociale psychologie..............................................6
1.2 sociale cognitie...........................................................................6
1.3 schema’s....................................................................................7
1.3.1 omschrijving........................................................................................................ 7
1.3.2 kenmerken.......................................................................................................... 7
1.4 configureren...............................................................................8
1.4.1 opvallende kenmerken........................................................................................8
1.5 persoonsperceptie....................................................................10
1.6 priming.....................................................................................11
1.6.1 soorten priming................................................................................................. 11
1.6.2 referentie-index................................................................................................. 11
1.6.3 politieke keuzes................................................................................................. 11
1.7 dissonantie...............................................................................11
1.7.1 dollarexperiment............................................................................................... 11
1.7.2 spanningsreductie............................................................................................. 12
1.7.3 endowment effect.............................................................................................. 12
1.8 het negatieve...........................................................................12
1.8.1 aversie voor verlies........................................................................................... 12
1.8.2 verliesaversie: framing......................................................................................12
1.8.3 negativiteitseffect.............................................................................................. 12
1.9 cognitie en affect......................................................................12
2 hoofdstuk 2: attributies........................................................13
2.1 criterea....................................................................................13
2.1.1 intern/extern...................................................................................................... 14
2.1.2 stabiel/onstabiel................................................................................................ 14
2.1.3 controleerbaar/oncontroleerbaar.......................................................................15
2.1.4 globaal/specifiek................................................................................................ 15
2.2 attributietheorieën....................................................................15
2.2.1 zelfwaarnemingstheorie Bem............................................................................15
2.2.2 corresponderende INFERENTIETHEORIE (JONES en Davis).................................16
2.2.3 covaratiemodel(kelley)......................................................................................16
2.2.4 2stappenmodel(gilbert).....................................................................................17
2.3 motivatie..................................................................................17
2.4 vertekeningen..........................................................................17
2.4.1 zelfbeeld en self-serving bias............................................................................17
2.4.2 beperkte rationaliteit en heuristieken................................................................17
, 2.4.3 valse consensuseffect........................................................................................ 18
2.4.4 basisfrequentievalstrik en tegenfeitelijk denken...............................................18
2.4.5 fundamentele attributiefout...............................................................................18
2.4.6 actor-observator................................................................................................ 18
2.4.7 self-fulfiling prophecy........................................................................................18
3 hoofdstuk 3: impact sociale media op sociale cognitie en
attributie................................................................................19
3.1 impact van sociale media op de sociale cognitie.........................19
3.1.1 invloed van woorden en beelden online op hoe jij over jezelf denkt..................19
3.1.2 artikel: jongeren en sociale media.....................................................................20
3.1.3 panoreptortage over kwetsbaarheid delen online..............................................20
3.2 invloed van negatieve haarberichten op sociale cognitie.............21
3.2.1 wat is haatspraak?............................................................................................. 21
3.2.2 link met cognitieve schema...............................................................................22
3.2.3 wat kan je zelf doen als je met haatspraak geconfronteerd wordt.....................22
3.3 attributiefouten bij online gedrag..............................................22
3.3.1 oefening: waarom geloven we in nepberichten.................................................22
3.3.2 hoe sturen algoritmes onlline ons denken.........................................................22
3.3.3 deepfake, een volgende stap in nepnieuws.......................................................23
4 hoofdstuk 4: sociale beÏNVLOEDING.......................................24
4.1 CONFORMISME OF MEERDERHEIDSINVLOED................................24
4.1.1 voorbeelden van conformeren...........................................................................24
4.1.2 voorbeeld leefgroep........................................................................................... 24
4.1.3 conformisme of meerderheidsinvloed................................................................24
4.1.4 beinvloedende factoren.....................................................................................29
4.2 innovatie of minderheidsgevoel.................................................29
4.2.1 moscovici en kleurendia’s..................................................................................29
4.3 GEHOORZAAMHEID EN AUTORITEIT............................................30
4.3.1 de geschiedenis van de sociale psychologie......................................................30
4.3.2 beinvloedende factoren.....................................................................................31
4.3.3 waarom gehoorzamen.......................................................................................31
4.3.4 gevolgen van deze experimenten......................................................................31
4.4 SOCIALE FACILLIATIE EN BELEMMERING......................................32
4.4.1 dominante responsen........................................................................................32
4.4.2 evaluatie verwachten........................................................................................32
4.4.3 aandachtsverdeling........................................................................................... 32
4.5 SOCIAAL MEELIFTEN..................................................................32
4.5.1 ringelmann-effect.............................................................................................. 33
4.5.2 ongelijkheidsaversie.......................................................................................... 33
4.5.3 counteren.......................................................................................................... 33
5 hoofdstuk 5: hulpverlenen.....................................................34
5.1 Altruisme..................................................................................34
5.1.1 3 voorwaarden................................................................................................... 34
5.2 verwantschap...........................................................................35
, 5.3 wederkerige altrüsme...............................................................35
5.3.1 dieren................................................................................................................ 35
5.3.2 kosten-batenanalyse......................................................................................... 35
5.3.3 emoties.............................................................................................................. 36
5.4 empathie..................................................................................36
5.4.1 betekenis........................................................................................................... 36
5.4.2 zinvol................................................................................................................. 37
5.4.3 gradatie............................................................................................................. 37
5.4.4 emotioneel,cognitef, egöistisch.........................................................................37
5.5 stappenplan..............................................................................38
5.5.1 opmerken.......................................................................................................... 38
5.5.2 interpreteren..................................................................................................... 39
5.5.3 verandwoordelijkheid nemen.............................................................................39
5.5.4 hoe.................................................................................................................... 39
5.5.5 actie ondernemen.............................................................................................. 39
5.6 bystander-effect= omstandereffect............................................40
5.7 beïnvloedende factoren.............................................................40
5.7.1 situationele factoren.......................................................................................... 40
5.7.2 persoonlijke factoren......................................................................................... 40
5.7.3 interpersoonlijke factoren..................................................................................41
5.8 rolmodellen en sociale normen..................................................41
6 hoofdstuk 7: in groep............................................................42
6.1 sociale categorisatie.................................................................42
6.1.1 in/outgroup........................................................................................................ 43
6.2 kenmerken...............................................................................43
6.2.1 accentuation effect AE.......................................................................................43
6.2.2 assumed similarity effect ASE............................................................................44
6.2.3 out-group homegeneity effect ohe....................................................................44
6.2.4 in-group favoritisme effect igfe..........................................................................45
6.3 valkuilen vermijden...................................................................46
6.4 valkuilen voor groepen..............................................................46
6.4.1 groupthink......................................................................................................... 46
6.4.2 polarisatie.......................................................................................................... 48
6.4.3 valkuilen vermijden........................................................................................... 49
7 hoofdstuk 8: stereotypering..................................................50
7.1 stereotypen.............................................................................50
7.1.1 Soorten:............................................................................................................. 50
7.1.2 vooroordelen..................................................................................................... 50
7.1.3 etnocentrisme................................................................................................... 50
7.1.4 racisme.............................................................................................................. 51
7.2 kenmerken...............................................................................51
7.2.1 Tweerichtingsverkeer........................................................................................51
7.2.2 Schadelijke gevolgen......................................................................................... 51
7.2.3 Vereenvoudiging van de realiteit (cf. outgroup homogeniteit) Principle of least
effort........................................................................................................................... 51
, 7.2.4 Sturen informatieverwerking.............................................................................51
7.3 benaderingen (ontstaan van stereotypen)..................................52
7.3.1 Coercion-theorie................................................................................................ 52
7.3.2 Realistische-conflicttheorie................................................................................52
7.3.3 Robeers cave-experiment..................................................................................52
7.3.4 Sociaalcognitieve benadering............................................................................53
7.3.5 Sociale-identiteitstheorie en socialisatie............................................................53
7.4 iinvloed....................................................................................53
7.4.1 Stereotypedreiging............................................................................................ 53
7.4.2 Contacthypothese.............................................................................................. 53
7.4.3 Blaming the victim............................................................................................. 54
7.4.4 Illusoire correlaties............................................................................................ 54
7.5 Antistereotypering....................................................................55
7.5.1 plegers.............................................................................................................. 55
7.5.2 slachtoffers........................................................................................................ 55
8 HOOFDSTUK 9: OVER GROEPEN, STEREOTYPEN EN
VOOROORDELEN ONLINE..........................................................56
8.1 SOCIALE CATEGOrisering: in group versus out-group OF wij-zij
denken...........................................................................................56
8.1.1 WAT IS SOCIALE CATEGORISERING NU WEER (herhaling)..................................56
8.2 meerstemmigheid.....................................................................56
8.3 Stereotypen en vooroordelen (herhaling)...................................56
8.4 The danger of a single story......................................................57
8.4.1 Leg uit hoe in de lezing ‘The single story’ de link gelegd wordt met stereotypen
en vooroordelen......................................................................................................... 57
8.4.2 Geef 3 voorbeelden van stereotypen die naar boven komen in deze lezing?....57
8.4.3 In haar presentaties beschrijft ze hoe ze als kind overtuigd was dat literatuur
alleen over witte mensen kon gaan. Leg uit waarom dit een voorbeeld van
abstraction-based of instance-based stereotypering is...............................................57
8.4.4 Het gevaar is dat stereotypen een verhaal tot het enige verhaal maken. Geef
een voorbeeld en leg uit hoe stereotypering en het verengen tot één verhaal gelinkt
kan worden aan macht............................................................................................... 58
8.5 POLARISAtie.............................................................................58
8.5.1 Wat is polarisatie............................................................................................... 58
8.5.2 Is polarisatie gevaarlijk?....................................................................................59
8.5.3 LEG HET ONDERSCHEID TUSSEN ‘BELONING’ EN OTHERING’ uit in eigen
woorden, sociale psychologie.....................................................................................59
8.5.4 Koppel de termen ‘belonging’ en ‘othering’ koppelen aan in- en outgroups?
sociale psychologie..................................................................................................... 59
9 hoofdstuk 11: attitudes.........................................................61
9.1 omschrijving.............................................................................61
9.2 soorten.....................................................................................61
9.3 kenmerken...............................................................................61
9.4 meten.......................................................................................62
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