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Energy Transfers in and Between Organisms summary pages
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Unit 5: Energy Transfers in and Between Organisms summary pages for AQA A level biology
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Energy Transfersin and Between
Organisms
Introduction
● Importance of Energy:
● Fundamental for life processes and maintaining order in biological
systems.
● Forms of Energy:
● Chemical, thermal, electrical, radiant.
Cellular Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
Aerobic respiration is a crucial cellular process that occurs in the presence of oxygen
and is fundamental to the production of energy in eukaryotic cells. It involves the
breakdown of organic molecules, typically glucose, to generate adenosine
triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy currency of cells. Here's a comprehensive
summary of aerobic respiration at the A-level biology level:
Overview:
Equation:
● The overall chemical equation for aerobic respiration is:
● C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
Stages:
● Aerobic respiration occurs in three main stages:
, ● Glycolysis: In the cytoplasm, glucose is broken down into
pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP.
● Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle): In the mitochondria, pyruvate is
further broken down, releasing carbon dioxide and producing
ATP and electron carriers.
● Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation:
In the inner mitochondrial membrane, electron carriers transfer
electrons, driving the production of ATP.
Glycolysis:
Location:
● Cytoplasm.
Process:
● Glucose (a 6-carbon sugar) is split into two molecules of pyruvate
(3-carbon each).
● ATP is produced through substrate-level phosphorylation.
● NADH is generated as an electron carrier.
Krebs Cycle:
Location:
● Mitochondrial matrix.
Process:
● Each pyruvate from glycolysis is further broken down.
● Carbon dioxide is released.
● NADH and FADH2 are produced, carrying high-energy electrons to the
electron transport chain.
● One ATP is formed per cycle.
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative
Phosphorylation:
Location:
● Inner mitochondrial membrane.
Process:
● High-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 move through a series of
protein complexes.
● Energy released pumps protons (H+) across the membrane.
● Protons flow back through ATP synthase, driving the synthesis of ATP.
● Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor, forming water.
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