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CPHON Exam - Certified Pediatric Hematology / Oncology Nurse – Questions With Solutions
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CPHON Exam - Certified Pediatric Hematology /Oncology Nurse – Questions With Solutions
G1 ✔️Ans - The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of
the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins. Cell grows larger
and produces ribosome and proteins.
S ✔️Ans - All 46 chromosomes are replicated in the cells nucleus
G2 ✔️Ans - The second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting
of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs. DNA is condensed
into rod form .
(M) Mitosis ✔️Ans - Mitosis. Cells physically divides into two daughter
cells, each with its own nucleus and identical chromosomes.
G0 ✔️Ans - Resting phase and Not succeptible to chemotherapy as it in
not in active cell cycle. Preforming it's programmed function. Will either
die or repair DNA.
Cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) ✔️Ans - Stimulate the cell to proceed
into the next phase of the cell cycle.
Check points ✔️Ans - Occur at G1, G2, and Mitosis; uses chemical and
physical signals to monitor the growth of cells. In normal cells if DNA
defects are found, progression through the cell cycle is halted. Errors that
cannot be repaired result in cell death (apoptosis). In cancer cells these
check points may be defective resulting in uncontrolled proliferation.
Apoptosis ✔️Ans - Natural cell death and removal by phagocytes. Each
normal cell has a limited number of cell divisions. Malignant cells have lost
the ability to undergo apoptosis, resulting in immortalization. Inducing
apoptosis to these cells via necrosis is the goal of cancer treatments.
Proto-oncogenes ✔️Ans - normal cellular genes that are important
regulators of normal cellular processes, they promote growth. alterations
in the expression of these cells result in oncogenes
, Oncogenes ✔️Ans - genes that cause cancer by blocking the normal
controls on cell reproduction. Activity of oncogenes produces a constant
signal for production in the cell cycle and cause the cell to grow out of
control. MYCN associated with neuroblastoma
Tumor Supressor Gene ✔️Ans - A gene whose protein product inhibits
cell division, thereby preventing the uncontrolled cell growth that
contributes to cancer. If these genes are damaged or absent, cells lack the
appropriate growth inhibiting factors and grow out of control. P53 gene
p53 ✔️Ans - tumor suppressor gene. Most often mutated in cancers.
Hallmark of cancer ✔️Ans - Increase in genetic instability and mutation
rates. Dividing malignant cells rapidly acquire gentic changes , so tumors
are similar but not identical. This means that with variability in cells one
chemotherapy agent may not be effective against all tumor cells.
Hematopoietic stem cell ✔️Ans - cell in the bone marrow that gives rise
to all types of blood cells (neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes,
erythrocytes, and platelets).
Lymphoid lineage ✔️Ans - B cells, T cells, NK cells. B cells from the bone
marrow, T cells from the thymus
myeloid lineage ✔️Ans - A subset of bone-marrow derived cells
comprising granulocytes, monocytes, and macrophages.
Immune Response ✔️Ans - The body's defensive reaction to invasion by
bacteria, viral agents, or other foreign substances. May play a role in the
prevention of many cancers.
3 layers of the immune response ✔️Ans - 1) physical barrier (mucous
membranes and skin)
2) innate or nonspecific immune system
3) adaptive or acquired immune system
Physical barrier immune system ✔️Ans - Skin and mucous membranes.
Interruption of the integrity of these barriers provides a portal of entry for
infectious agents.
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