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Samenvatting Genetica
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Samenvatting van de cursus en slides van genetica
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GeneticaSamenvatting
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,Inhoud
1 Back to basics............................................................................................................................................. 5
1.1 Van chromatine tot chromosomen..................................................................................................... 5
1.1.1 Inleiding....................................................................................................................................... 5
1.1.2 Wat is DNA?................................................................................................................................. 5
1.1.3 De condensatie van DNA.............................................................................................................. 5
1.1.4 karyotypering, autosomen en sex-chromosomen........................................................................6
2 Meiose en mitose...................................................................................................................................... 7
2.1 De interfase......................................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.1 De G1-fase.................................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.2 S-fase............................................................................................................................................ 7
2.1.3 G2-fase.......................................................................................................................................... 7
2.2 M-fase................................................................................................................................................. 7
2.3 De G0-fase........................................................................................................................................... 7
2.4 Timing van de celdeling....................................................................................................................... 8
2.5 Mitose................................................................................................................................................. 8
2.5.1 Profase......................................................................................................................................... 8
2.5.2 Metafase...................................................................................................................................... 8
2.5.3 Anafase........................................................................................................................................ 8
2.5.4 Telofase........................................................................................................................................ 8
2.5.5 Cytokinese.................................................................................................................................... 9
2.6 Meiose of reductiedeling.................................................................................................................... 9
2.6.1 Eerste meitotische deling............................................................................................................. 9
2.6.2 Tweede meiotische deling............................................................................................................ 9
2.6.3 Gametogenese........................................................................................................................... 10
3 Pre-Mendeliaanse erfelijkheid................................................................................................................. 10
4 Mendeliaanse overerving......................................................................................................................... 10
4.1 De proeven van Mendel.................................................................................................................... 10
4.1.1 Eerste afzonderingswet en de onafhankelijkheidswet................................................................11
4.1.2 Tweede afzonderingswet........................................................................................................... 11
4.1.3 Onafhankelijkheidswet of reciprociteitswet...............................................................................11
4.2 Nomenclatuur van genen en allelen.................................................................................................. 11
4.3 Toepassingen van de wetten van Mendel......................................................................................... 11
4.4 Intermediaire overerving (onvolledige dominantie)..........................................................................12
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, 4.5 Multiple allelie.................................................................................................................................. 12
4.6 Uitbreidingen op de wetten van Mendel........................................................................................... 12
4.6.1 Codominantie............................................................................................................................. 12
4.6.2 Penetrantie en expressiviteit...................................................................................................... 12
4.6.3 Pleiotropie.................................................................................................................................. 12
4.6.4 Lethale allelen............................................................................................................................ 12
4.6.5 Geninteracties............................................................................................................................ 12
4.6.6 Epistasie..................................................................................................................................... 13
4.7 Geslachtsgebonden overerving......................................................................................................... 13
4.7.1 De geslachtsverhouding............................................................................................................. 13
4.7.2 Venus vs. Mars: de genetische basis........................................................................................... 13
4.7.3 Geslachtsgebonden overerving.................................................................................................. 14
4.8 Cytoplasmatische overerving............................................................................................................ 14
4.9 Bijkomende effecten......................................................................................................................... 14
4.10 Genetische heterogeniteit............................................................................................................... 14
5 Van genotype naar fenotype.................................................................................................................... 14
5.1 Van genotype naar fenotype............................................................................................................. 14
5.2 Interactie tussen genen en milieu..................................................................................................... 15
5.2.1 Congenitaal vs erfelijk................................................................................................................ 15
5.2.2 De invloed van voeding.............................................................................................................. 15
5.2.3 De invloed van temperatuur...................................................................................................... 15
5.3 De invloed van het geslacht op het fenotype....................................................................................15
6 Stamboomanalyse.................................................................................................................................... 16
6.1 Inleiding............................................................................................................................................ 16
6.2 Autosomaal dominante overerving................................................................................................... 16
6.3 Autosomaal recessieve overerving.................................................................................................... 16
6.4 X-gebonden dominante overerving................................................................................................... 16
6.5 X-gebonden recessieve overerving.................................................................................................... 17
7 Complexe overerving – kwantitatieve genetica........................................................................................ 17
7.1 Additieve genenwerking.................................................................................................................... 17
7.2 Kwantitatieve genetica...................................................................................................................... 17
7.2.1 Continu variatie – normaalverdeling – variatie...........................................................................17
7.2.2 Correlatie................................................................................................................................... 18
7.2.3 Fenotypische waarde – fokwaarde – erfelijkheidsgraad.............................................................18
8 Populatiegenetica.................................................................................................................................... 19
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