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Summary Racism and Exclusion - Literature week 1, 2, 3, 5 + working group notes
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Summaries of the compulsory literature for weeks 1, 2, 3, 5
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Hoorcollege 1 – Inleiding over theorie en geschiedenis vanracisme.
Racisme = People believing that some races are superior to others which
leads to unfair treatment based on skin color, ethnicity or background.
Etnocentrisme = A way of thinking where a person believes their cultural
beliefs and practices are superior to others. They see their culture as the
default.
Culturalisme = Having a focus on cultural differences and being unwilling
to tolerate those. Also seeing a culture as fixed and part of one’s identity.
Antisemitisme = Hate against Jews.
Literatuur week 1
Appiah, ‘History of Hatred’ – (summary + commentary of Fredricksons
work)
People have different perceptions and opinions about what and who
is racist. Because the term ‘racism’ was introduced in 1930s some thinks
it’s a new phenomenon, others think it’s a modern version of tribalism
(forming groups based on shared identity) and xenophobia (fear of other
cultures). Racism shifted from religious separation (being racist based on
religions) to ethnic/physical separation. Western societies, who also said
‘all men are created equal’, created ideologies to justify racism,
Rattansi, Racism: A Very Short Introduction
Thanks to Hitlers antisemitism actions the term ‘racism’ became a
well-known word. Antisemitism is potentially the oldest and longest
ongoing form of racism. The term was introduced by Wilhelm Marr and
replaced the usage of the word anti-Judaism, to further distinct Jews as a
separate race, instead of just being a religious group. Marr wrote in his
book about negative stereotypes about Jews being materialistic and
scheming. What is de difference between ethnic groups and race?
Specifically, what is the difference between ethnocentrism and racism?
Race contains both biological (skin color) and cultural (religion, behavior)
elements. Nowadays we tend to focus more on ‘cultural racism’ to
somewhat justify it, example is islamophobia. But is discrimination based
on culture really racism? The term institutional racism was introduced
during court in 1999. After this followed a lot of research confirming it.
, Race is very intertwined with how good you are treated by the law.
Chances of getting death penalty are 4 times higher when you are black
(dit is een van de structuren die mogelijk ingesleten is geraakt in tijden
van segregatie van de Jim Crow wetgeving)
Fredrickson, Racism: A Short History
Segregation and racism between blacks and whites in America was
very present from late 19th century to mid-20th century. Holocaust gave
racism a bad name, because it was more extreme than people had ever
seen. Here for the racist system of Jim Crow came to an end. Only regime
of Apartheid in South Africa strongly survived. Cultural essentialism
(assuming everyone form a country thinks, acts the same and thus being
racist to other countries) is as harmful as being racist based on physical
appearances. Racism functions to maintain racial order, organizing people
in groups based on their race where certain groups have a higher ranking
then others. Culturalism can become racism when culture is not fluid
(changes overtime) anymore, and one culture is seen as better than the
other. Racism is about difference (the groups cannot coexist -
antisemitism) and power (the groups can only coexist because of the
power imbalance - white supremacy). Around Middle Ages racism did not
focus on exclusion, it was more common to assimilate groups into your
group.
There were no traces found in the ancient world of racism based on
skin color. First signs of racism were against Jews for not accepting Christ
as their Mesiah. Anti-Judaism antisemitism racism. Negative rumors
about Jews were appearing more often, they for also blamed for ‘killing’
Christian when in reality it was Black Death. This resulted in an ideology
that justified racism against Jews. While Jews were demonized Black were
sanctified mainly because of their loyalty to Christ. At the same time there
were places where Africans were already seen as less, and were
associated with servitude. Before the trans-Atlantic slave trade began
Blacks were already sold as slaves, here lays the root of white supremacy.
Coversos (Jews converted to Christianity) and Moriscos (Muslims converted
to Christianity) were still highly discriminated against. Colombus created
the negative stereotype about Indians, hostility was associated with
stupidity and childlike behavior and aggression was compared to
cannibalism. Partly by this they were concluded to be nonrational beings
and thus fitted to be enslaved. Indigenous people were freed of slavery
partly thanks to Las Casas who stated that they do posses reason and thus
can be converted to Christianity. Blackness was seen as a curse and
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