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NURS 3100 Final Exam – Questions & Answers
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NURS 3100 Final Exam – Questions & AnswersTypes of lipids ✔️Ans - 1. Triglycerides
2. Phospholipids
3. Steroids
Triglycerides ✔️Ans - - are used for energy
- composed of glycerol and other fatty acids
- These fatty acids may be good (unsaturated) or bad (saturated)
- Most (~90%) lipids in our bodies are triglycerides.
Phospholipids ✔️Ans - - are used to build cell membranes
- lecithin is a phospholipid.
Steroids ✔️Ans - - are also used to build cell membranes but are also
used to make vitamin D, bile acids, cortisol, estrogen, progesterone, and
testosterone.
- Cholesterol is the best-known steroidal lipid
What type of lipid is used to build cell membranes? Provide the body with
energy? Produce some hormones? ✔️Ans - Triglycerides = energy
Steroids = build cell membrane & produces hormones
Phospholipids = build cell membrane
Transport of Lipids ✔️Ans - - Lipids do not dissolve in our blood stream,
so the body (liver) produces lipoproteins
- There are different type of lipoproteins, but they are all composed of
cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, and a protein carrier
Types of lipoproteins ✔️Ans - - Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) contain
the most cholesterol
- Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) contain triglycerides
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL) contains the most protein + transport
cholesterol
,Interpreting a lipid profile, what value represents cholesterol? Triglycerides?
✔️Ans - Cholesterol:
- HDL (good cholesterol)
- Total cholesterol (keep in <200)
- LDL (bad cholesterol)
Triglycerides = triglycerides
Dyslipidemia ✔️Ans - - means an individual has either an excess or
deficiency of one or more lipoproteins
- The terms hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, and high cholesterol are
also used.
Causes of Dyslipidemia ✔️Ans - 1. Heredity
2. Acquired causes include dietary (high in saturated fat, trans fat, and refined
carbohydrates), lack of exercise, some endocrine disorders.
The goal is to maximize HDL and minimize LDL. An LDL/HDL ratio >5.0 in
men and >4.4 in women is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular
disease (CVD
Total cholesterol ✔️Ans - <200 (desirable)
200-240 (borderline high risk)
>240 (high risk)
LDL cholesterol ✔️Ans - <100 (optimal)
100-129 (near normal)
130-159 (borderline high risk)
160-189 (high risk)
>190 (very high risk)
HDL Cholesterol ✔️Ans - <40 (men) or <50 (women) [low risk]
,>60 (desirable)
Serum triglycerides ✔️Ans - <150 (normal)
150-199 (borderline)
200-499 (high risk)
>500 (very high risk)
10 Year Risk Factors for CVD ✔️Ans - - Dyslipidemia
- Diabetes
- Hypertension
- Smoking
- Family history of premature CVD
- Beneficial lifestyle changes include BMI <25, regular exercise, diet low in
saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol and high in soluble fiber, stop smoking!
Medications for Dyslipidemia ✔️Ans - - HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
(statins)
- Bile Acid Sequestrants
- Fibric Acid Drugs
- Ezetimibe
- Niacin
- Omega-3-acid ethyl esters
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (statins) ✔️Ans - include:
- atorvastatin (Lipitor)
- Fluvastatin (Lescol)
- lovastatin
- rosuvastatin (Crestor)
- simvastatin (Zocor)
- pitavastatin (Livalo)
Statins Common Side Effects ✔️Ans - - diarrhea
- GI upset
- arthralgia
- nasopharyngitis
, Statins Adverse Events ✔️Ans - - rhabdomyolysis
- myositis
- elevated liver enzymes
- teratogenicity
Bile Acid Sequestrants ✔️Ans - - increasing excretion of cholesterol
through the bowel
- safest drugs for dyslipidemia
- have minimal systemic effects
Drugs in Bile Acid Sequestrants ✔️Ans - include
- cholestyramine (Questran)
- colesevelam (Welchol)
- colestipol (Colestid).
Bile Acid Sequestrants Common Side Effects ✔️Ans - - GI-constipation
- N&V
- abdominal pain
- bloating
- indigestion
Bile Acid Serious Adverse Events ✔️Ans - - GI obstruction
- vitamin deficiencies (due to decreased absorption
Fibric Acid Drugs ✔️Ans - work by activating an enzyme that breaks
down triglycerides (lipoprotein lipase)
include
- fenofibrate (Tricor)
- fenofibric acid (Trilipex)
- gemfibrozil.
Fibric Acid Common Side Effects ✔️Ans - - myalgia
- flu-like symptoms
- N&V
- increased liver enzymes
- creatinine
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