Controlling the people 1918-89
- Forced to rely on the army/freikorps to control extremist
Attempts to control extremism 1918-32 threats
- Lack of reform undergone by institutions created biases and
Nature of opposition to gov’t imbalance control
- L-wing believed Weimar wasn’t radical enough → e.g. the judiciary and army’s leniency towards the Kapp putsch
- R-wing believed wanted a strong authoritative gov’t and lack of action taken to prevent the uprising
- Weimar est. basic rights that gave ppl the freedom of speech - Overlapping power of the Chancellor and the President created
and the freedom of press confusion
- Important for the gov’t to prove that it was stable, esp after - Overuse of Article 48 made President an ersatzkaiser
WWI and the Kaiser’s rule
Censorship, repression and propaganda 1933-45
Making concessions
- Ebert-Groener Pact Nov 1918 - mutual agreement of support Media
between the gov’t and the army and allowed the army to shut Radio
down the L-wing threat - All broadcasting was under Nazi control
- Stinnes-Legien Agreement - ensured that industry wasn’t - 70% German homes had the ‘People’s receiver’ - cheap radio
nationalised → key to preventing a Marxist revolution - Public places had to broadcast the radio
- ‘Radio wardens’ were allocated to towns and co-ordinated
Regional disruption gathering to listen to the radio
- Varying degrees of control between each Lander - Success? - everyone had to listen to the radio
- Weimar constitution was not adopted at the same time in
Press
each Lander → Thuringia didn’t hold elections until June
- Before - each region had strong regional attachments to the
1920
newspaper issued there
- Red Bavaria - example of Lander independence from gov’t - Nazi publishing house Eher Verlag bought papers from each
- Freikorps had to be used to restore order in regions defying the
region → controlled ⅔ press by 1939
constitution
- Threatened to remove state gov’t if they didn’t follow the - New agencies merged into one to form the DNB → vetted
Weimar system all news material
- Propaganda ministry held daily press conferences to provide
Imbalanced control guidance on editorial policy
, Controlling the people 1918-89
- Editor’s Law 1933 - newspaper content had to be controlled by Literature
the editor - >2500 writers left 1933-45, e.g. Thomas Mann
- Success? - not many ppl frequently read the paper due to bland - Less literary group rose that accepted the regime
journalism - Encouraged classic literature, e.g. Shakespeare
Cinema
Berlin Olympics - Cinematic reputation from Weimar maintained
- Intention: glorify the regime and spread Nazi ideological - Major film studios were in the hands of nat’lists, e.g. Goebbels
themes in a positive light - Jewish actors and directors fled Germany, e.g. Marlene
- 42m Reichsmarks spent on Olympic sports complex and Dietrich
stadium - Genres: overt propaganda, pure escapism, emotive nat’lism
- Broadcasted the Olympics on radio in 28 languages
- 4-hr documentary film made - Olympia Visual arts
- Tv broadcasts reached 150,000 ppl in 28 public tv rooms in - Rejected Weimar art and Bauhaus → burnt in a fire
Berlin - Anything modern was rejected
- Reinforced the Aryan ideal w/ athletes - Held 2 contrasting exhibitions: Weimar’s ‘degenerate’ art and
- Germany finished first w/ 89 medals Nazi ‘great German’ art
- Glorified volksgemeinschaft, classic styles and romanticism
Nazi ritual - Disliked non-representational/abstract art
- Heil Hitler greeting
- Horst Wessel anthem The police state
- Militaristic uniforms
- Public festivals commemorated historic days in the Nazi Himmler and the SS
calender - 1933 - SS m/ship = 52,000
- Efforts to reform customs never transcended society - Himmler created the SD in 1931 as an internal party security
police
Culture - All party and state police organisations were overseen by
Music Himmler as part of the RSHA
- Encouraged classical music and classical german musicians, - Functions: policing, intelligence, treatment of opponents and
e.g. Bach and Beethoven military action of Waffen SS
- Most music was banned - jazz and dance-band labelled as
‘negroid’ and ‘decadent’ Policing by the Gestapo and Kripo
- Jewish composers banned - Kripo - maintained general law and order, e.g. dealing w/
thieves and asocials
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